Dual Substitution Strategy to Enhance Li+ Ionic Conductivity in Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte

Abstract

Solid state electrolytes could address the current safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries as well as provide higher electrochemical stability and energy density. Among solid electrolyte contenders, garnet-structured Li7La3Zr2O12 appears as a particularly promising material owing to its wide electrochemical stability window; however, its ionic conductivity remains an order of magnitude below that of ubiquitous liquid electrolytes. Here, we present an innovative dual substitution strategy developed to enhance Li-ion mobility in garnet-structured solid electrolytes. A first dopant cation, Ga3+, is introduced on the Li sites to stabilize the fast-conducting cubic phase. Simultaneously, a second cation, Sc3+, is used to partially populate the Zr sites, which consequently increases the concentration of Li ions by charge compensation. This aliovalent dual substitution strategy allows fine-tuning of the number of charge carriers in the cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 according to the resulting stoichiometry, Li7–3x+yGaxLa3Zr2–yScyO12. The coexistence of Ga and Sc cations in the garnet structure is confirmed by a set of simulation and experimental techniques: DFT calculations, XRD, ICP, SEM, STEM, EDS, solid state NMR, and EIS. This thorough characterization highlights a particular cationic distribution in Li6.65Ga0.15La3Zr1.90Sc0.10O12, with preferential Ga3+ occupation of tetrahedral Li24d sites over the distorted octahedral Li96h sites. 7Li NMR reveals a heterogeneous distribution of Li charge carriers with distinct mobilities. This unique Li local structure has a beneficial effect on the transport properties of the garnet, enhancing the ionic conductivity and lowering the activation energy, with values of 1.8 × 10–3 S cm–1 at 300 K and 0.29 eV in the temperature range of 180 to 340 K, respectively.