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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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 Stroke and its risk factors .pdf | Published version | 2.72 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
| Title: | Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| Authors: | Feigin, VL Abate, MD Abate, YH Abd ElHafeez, S Abd-Allah, F Abdelalim, A Abdelkader, A Abdelmasseh, M Abd-Elsalam, S Abdi, P Abdollahi, A Abdoun, M Abd-Rabu, R Abdulah, DM Abdullahi, A Abebe, M Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA Abhilash, ES Abiodun, OO Abiodun, O Abo Kasem, R Aboagye, RG Abouzid, M Abreu, LG Abrha, WA Abtahi, D Abu Rumeileh, S Abualhasan, A Abualruz, H Abu-Gharbieh, E Abukhadijah, HJ Abu-Rmeileh, NME Aburuz, S Abu-Zaid, A Acuna, JM Adane, DE Adane, MM Addo, IY Adedoyin, RA Adegboye, OA Adekanmbi, V Adhikari, K Adnani, QES Adra, S Adzigbli, LA Afify, AY Afolabi, AA Afrashteh, F Afzal, MS Afzal, S Aghamiri, S Agyemang-Duah, W Ahinkorah, BO Ahmad, A Ahmad, MM Ahmad, S Ahmad, S Ahmad, T Ahmadzade, AM Ahmed, A Ahmed, A Ahmed, H Ahmed, SA Ajami, M Aji, B Akara, EM Akinyemi, RO Akkaif, MA Akrami, AE Al Awaidy, S Al Hamad, H Al Hasan, SM Al Qadire, M Al Ta'ani, O Al-Ajlouni, Y Alalalmeh, SO Alalwan, TA Al-Aly, Z Al-amer, RM Aldhaleei, WA Aldossary, MS Alemohammad, SY Al-Fatly, B Al-Gheethi, AAS Alhalaiqa, FN Alharrasi, M Ali, A Ali, MU Ali, R Ali, SS Ali, W Al-Ibraheem, A Alif, SM Aljunid, SM Almahmeed, W Al-Marwani, S Alomari, MA Alonso, J Alqahtani, JS Al-Raddadi, RMM Alrawashdeh, A Alsabri, MA Alshahrani, NZ Altaany, Z Altaf, A Al-Tammemi, AB Altwalbeh, D Alvis-Guzman, N Alwafi, H Al-Wardat, M Al-Worafi, YM Aly, H Aly, S Alyahya, MSI Alzoubi, KH Al-Zyoud, WA Amani, R Amegbor, PM Amera, TG Amin, TT Amindarolzarbi, A Amiri, S Amu, H Amugsi, DA Amusa, GA Ancuceanu, R Anderlini, D Angappan, D Anil, A Ansari, MTT Ansari-Moghaddam, A Ansong, R Anvari, S Anwar, S Anwar, SL Anyabolo, EE Anyasodor, AE Apostol, GLC Appiah, F Aqeel, M Arabloo, J Arabzadeh Bahri, R Arafat, M Aravkin, AY Ardekani, A Areda, D Aregawi, BB Aregu, GM Aremu, O Arifin, H Ärnlöv, J Artamonov, AA Arulappan, J Aryal, UR Aryan, Z Asbeutah, AM Asemahagn, MA Asemu, MT Asghari-Jafarabadi, M Ashemo, MY Ashraf, T Aslani, A Asmerom, HA Astell-Burt, T Athari, SS Atorkey, P Atout, MMW Atreya, A Aujayeb, A Ausloos, M Avan, A Awad, H Awotidebe, AW Ayana, LAA Aychiluhm, SB Aynalem, AA Aynalem, ZB Azadnajafabad, S Azami, H Aziz, S Azzam, AY Babu, AS Babu, GR Badar, M Badiye, AD Bahrami Taghanaki, P Bahramian, S Bai, R Baig, AA Bakkannavar, SM Bako, AT Baltatu, OC Bam, K Banach, M Banakar, M Bandyopadhyay, S Banik, PC Bansal, K Bao, Y Barboza, MA Bardhan, M Barengo, NC Barker-Collo, SL Bärnighausen, TW Barqawi, HJ Barrow, A Barua, L Bashiri, A Bashiru, HA Basiru, A Bastan, M-M Basu, S Basu, S Batra, K Begde, A Behnam, B Behnoush, AH Belayneh, MBY Belingheri, M Bello, UM Bennett, DA Bensenor, IM Berhe, FT Bermudez, ANC Beyene, HBB Beyene, KA Bhagat, DS Bhagavathula, AS Bhala, N Bhalla, A Bhardwaj, N Bhardwaj, P Bhaskar, S Bhat, AN Bhat, V Bhatti, GK Bhatti, JSS Bhuiyan, MA Bhusal, S Bikbov, B Bilgin, C Biondi, A Bishaw, KA Biswas, A Biswas, B Bodhare, T Bogale, EK Boloor, A Bonakdar Hashemi, M Bonny, A Bora Basara, B Borhany, H Bosoka, SA Bouaoud, S Bouyahya, A Boyko, EJ Bozic, MM Braithwaite, D Breitner, S Brenner, H Britton, G Brunoni, AR Bryazka, D Bugiardini, R Bulto, LN Burkart, K Bustanji, Y Butt, ZA Caetano dos Santos, FL Cámera, LA Campos, LA Campos-Nonato, IR Cao, F Capodici, A Cárdenas, R Carr, S Carreras, G Carvalho, AF Carvalho, F Castaldelli-Maia, JM Castañeda-Orjuela, CA Castelpietra, G Catapano, AL Cattaruzza, MS Cegolon, L Cembranel, F Cenko, E Cerin, E Chadwick, J Chakraborty, C Chakraborty, S Chan, JSK Chandika, RM Chandrasekar, EK Chanie, GS Chattu, VK Chaudhary, AA Chaurasia, A Chen, H Chen, M Chen, S Chi, G Chichagi, F Chimoriya, R Ching, PR Chitheer, A Cho, SMJ Choi, D-W Chong, B Chong, CL Chopra, H Choudhari, SG Choudhary, R Chu, D-T Chukwu, IS Chung, S-C Cindi, Z Cioffi, I Cogen, RM Columbus, A Costanzo, S Couto, RAS Criqui, MH Cruz-Martins, N Cuadra-Hernández, SM Da Silva, AG Dadana, S Dadras, O Dai, X Dalal, K Dalli, LL Damiani, G D'Amico, E Dandona, L Dandona, R Darwish, AH Das, S Dashti, M Dashtkoohi, M Dashtkoohi, M Dastmardi, M Davletov, K De la Cruz-Góngora, V DeAngelo, S Debele, AT Debopadhaya, S Delgado-Enciso, I Demessa, BH Demetriades, AK Denova-Gutiérrez, E Dervišević, E Desai, HD Desale, AT Desta, F Devanbu, VGC Devegowda, D Dewan, SMR Dhane, AS Dhimal, M Dhulipala, VR Diaz, MJ Diress, M Dodangeh, M Doegah, PT Dohare, S Doheim, MF Dokova, KG Dongarwar, D D'Oria, M Doshi, OP Doshi, RP Douiri, A Dowou, RK Dsouza, AC Dsouza, HL Dsouza, VS Duncan, BB Duraes, AR Dziedzic, AM Ekholuenetale, M El Bayoumy, IF El Sayed Zaki, M Elbarazi, I El-Dahiyat, F Elgendy, IY Elhadi, M El-Huneidi, W Elmonem, MA Elmoselhi, AB Eltaha, C Emeto, TI Esezobor, CI Esfandiari, N Esmaeili, Z Esposito, F Etoom, M Fabin, N Fadhil, I Fagbamigbe, AF Fagbule, OF Faghani, S Fahim, A Fakhradiyev, IR Falzone, L Fareed, M Fares, J Farinha, CSES Faris, MEM Faris, PS Farjoud Kouhanjani, M Faro, A Farrokhpour, H Fasanmi, AO Fauk, NK Fazeli, P Fazylov, T Feizkhah, A Fekadu, G Feng, X Fereshtehnejad, S-M Ferrara, P Ferreira, N Fetensa, G Feyisa, BR Fischer, F Flor, LS Foley, KM Fonseca, AC Foroumadi, R Foroutan, B Fortuna, D Foschi, M Franklin, RC Fridayani, NKY G, S Gaal, PA Gaidhane, AM Gaipov, A Galali, Y Gallus, S Gandhi, AP Ganesan, B Gasevic, D Gautam, P Gautam, RK Gebregergis, MW Gebrehiwot, M Gebrekidan, KG Getacher, L Getahun, GK Getie, M Ghadimi, DJ Ghadirian, F Ghaffari Jolfayi, A Ghafourifard, M Ghasemi, M-R Ghasemzadeh, A Ghazy, RM Gholami, E Gholami, Z Ghozy, S Giannoni Luza, S Gilani, JA Gill, TK Gillum, RF Gindaba, EZ Gnedovskaya, EV Goel, A Goldust, M Golechha, M Goleij, P Golinelli, D Gona, PN Gorini, G Goulart, AC Goulart, BNG Gouravani, M Grivna, M Grosso, G Grover, A Guan, S-Y Guarducci, G Guha, A Guicciardi, S Gulati, S Gunawardane, DA Guo, C Guo, Z Gupta, AK Gupta, B Gupta, M Gupta, R Gupta, RD Gupta, R Gupta, S Habibzadeh, F Hadi, NR Haghani Dogahe, M Haghi-Aminjan, H Haghmorad, D Haj-Mirzaian, A Halimi, A Hamdy, NM Hamidi, S Hamilton, EB Hanif, A Hanifi, N Hankey, GJ Hannan, MA Haq, ZA Hargono, A Harlianto, NI Haro, JM Has, EMM Hasaballah, AI Hasan, I Hasnain, MS Hassan, I Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, MS Haubold, J Havmoeller, RJ Hay, SI Hbid, Y Hebert, JJ Hegazi, OE Heidari, M Hemmati, M Heyi, DZ Hezam, K Hiraike, Y Hoan, NQ Holla, R Horita, N Hossain, MM Hosseinzadeh, H Hosseinzadeh, M Hosseinzadeh Adli, A Hostiuc, M Hostiuc, S Hu, B Hu, C Huang, J Humayun, A Hussain, S Huy, LD Huynh, H-H Hwang, B-F Ibitoye, SE Ikeda, N Ikiroma, A Ilesanmi, OS Ilic, IM Ilic, MD Imam, MT Immurana, M Inbaraj, LR Iqhrammullah, M Iradukunda, A Irham, LM Islam, MR Ismail, F Ismail, NE Iso, H Isola, G Itumalla, R Iwagami, M Iwu, CDCD J, V Jaafari, J Jacob, L Jafarzadeh, A Jahrami, H Jain, A Jain, N Jairoun, AA Jaiswal, A Jakovljevic, M Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R Janakiraman, B Jatau, AI Jayapal, SK Jayaram, S Jee, SH Jeganathan, J Jegnie, M Jema, AT Jeswani, BM Jeyakumar, A Jha, AK Jha, RP Ji, Z Jiang, H Jin, S Jin, Y Jokar, M Jonas, JB Joo, T Jose, J Joseph, N Joshua, CE Joukar, F Jozwiak, JJ Jürisson, M Kabir, A Kabir, MA Kabir, Z Kadashetti, V Kalani, R Kalra, S Kamal, VK Kamireddy, A Kan, H Kanaan, M Kandel, H Kanmodi, KK Kantar, RS Kapoor, N Karakasis, P Karaye, IM Karch, A Karimi, H Karimi, SE Karimi, Y Karimi Behnagh, A Karki, P Kasraei, H Kauppila, JH Kaur, H Kaydi, N Kayode, GA Kazemi, F Kazemian, S Kesse-Guyot, E Khader, YS Khafaie, MA Khaing, IK Khajuria, H Khalaji, A Khalid, N Khalil, AA Khan, A Khan, F Khan, MN Khan, M Khan, MJ Khan, MAB Khan, YH Khanmohammadi, S Khatab, K Khatatbeh, H Khatatbeh, MM Khateri, S Khatib, MN Khayamzadeh, M Khayat Kashani, HR Khidri, FF Khokhar, M Khosla, AA Khosravi, M Khubchandani, J Kian, S Kim, K Kim, MS Kim, YJ Kimokoti, RW Kisa, A Kisa, S Kolahi, A-A Koly, KN Kompani, F Kondlahalli, SKMM Korja, M Korshunov, VA Korzh, O Kosen, S Kostev, K Kothari, N Kotnis, AL Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL Krishan, K Krishna, V Krishnamoorthy, V Krishnan, B Kruja, J Kuate Defo, B Kucuk Bicer, B Kuddus, MA Kuddus, M Kugbey, N Kulimbet, M Kulkarni, V Kumar, A Kumar, A Kumar, D Kumar, GA Kumar, N Kumar, R Kumaran D, S Kundu, A Kundu, S Kunutsor, SK Kurmi, OP Kusuma, D Kutikuppala, LVS Kuttikkattu, A Kytö, V La Vecchia, C Lacey, B Lahariya, C Lal, DK Lallukka, T Lám, J Landires, I Larsson, AO Lasrado, S Latifinaibin, K Lauriola, P Lavados, PM Lawal, BK Le, LKD Le, NHH Le, TTT Le, TDT Lee, PH Lee, SW Lee, W-C Lee, YH Li, M-C Li, W Li, X Li, Y Lim, L-L Lim, SS Lin, JC Lindholm, D Linn, S Liu, G Liu, R Liu, S Liu, X Liu, X Llanaj, E Lo, C-H Lo, WD Lohner, V López-Gil, JF Lorenzovici, L Lorkowski, S Lotufo, PA Lucchetti, G Luo, L Lusk, JB Ma, ZF Machoy, M Madadizadeh, F Maddison, R Mahmoudi, E Mahmoudvand, G Makram, OM Malakan Rad, E Malhotra, K Malik, AA Malik, I Mallhi, TH Malta, DC Mamun, AA Manla, Y Mansouri, MH Mansouri, P Mansouri, V Mansournia, MA Mantovani, LG Manu, E Marateb, HR Marjani, A Martini, D Martini, S Martorell, M Maryam, S Marzo, RR Masrie, A Mathangasinghe, Y Maulik, PK Mayeli, M Mazidi, M McKee, M McPhail, SM Mechili, EA Mehmood, A Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K Mekene Meto, T Meles, HN Mendoza, W Menezes, RG Mensah, GA Meo, SA Meretoja, A Meretoja, TJ Mestrovic, T Mettananda, CDK Miazgowski, T Michalek, IM Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, AC Minervini, G Minh, LHN Mini, GK Mirghafourvand, M Mirica, A Mirrakhimov, EM Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M Mishra, M Misra, S Mithra, P Mohamed, AI Mohamed, J Mohamed, NS Mohammad, AM Mohammadi, E Mohammadi, S Mohammadi, S Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A Mohammadzadeh, I Mohammed, H Mohammed, M Mohammed, S Mohammed, S Mokdad, AH Molavi Vardanjani, H Molokhia, M Momani, S Monasta, L Moni, MA Montazeri, F Moodi Ghalibaf, A Moosazadeh, M Moradi, M Moradi, Y Moraga, P Morawska, L Moreira, RS Morrison, SD Mosaddeghi Heris, R Mossialos, E Mousavi, P Msherghi, A Mubarik, S Muccioli, L Mulita, A Muniyandi, M Munjal, K Murillo-Zamora, E Muthu, S Myung, W Nabavi, A Nabhan, AF Nafei, A Nagarajan, AJ Naghavi, P Naik, GR Naik, G Naimzada, MD Nair, S Nair, TS Najdaghi, S Najmuldeen, HHR Nakhostin Ansari, N Nangia, V Narasimha Swamy, S Nargus, S Narimani Davani, D Nascimento, BR Nascimento, GG Nasrollahizadeh, A Nasrollahizadeh, A Natto, ZS Nauman, J Navaratna, SNK Nayak, BP Nayak, VC Nazri-Panjaki, A Ndejjo, R Negoi, I Negoi, RI Nejadghaderi, SA Nejjari, C Nematollahi, MH Nepal, S Newton, CRJ Nguyen, DH Nguyen, DH Nguyen, HTH Nguyen, HQ Nguyen, NNY Nguyen, PT Nguyen, VT Niazi, RK Nigatu, YT Nikravangolsefid, N Ningrum, DNA Nnaji, CA Nnyanzi, LA Nomura, S Noor, STA Norrving, B Nawsherwan, N Noubiap, JJ Nri-Ezedi, CA Ntaios, G Ntsekhe, M Nugen, F Nurchis, MC Nurrika, D Nzoputam, CI Nzoputam, OJ Oancea, B Obamiro, KO Odetokun, IA O'Donnell, MJ Oguta, JO Oh, I-H Ojo-Akosile, TR Okati-Aliabad, H Okeke, SR Okekunle, AP Okidi, L Okonji, OC Oladnabi, M Olagunju, AT Olaiya, MT Olalusi, OV Olasehinde, TA Olasupo, OO Olatubi, MI Oliveira, AB Oliveira, GMM Olorukooba, AA Olufadewa, II Oluwafemi, YDD Oluwatunase, GO Omar, HA Omar Bali, A O'Neil, AE Ong, SK Onwujekwe, OE Opejin, AO Ordak, M 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Rahmati, R Rahmawaty, S Raj, GM Rajaa, S Rajendran, V Rajpoot, PL Rajput, P Ram, P Ramadan, MM Ramadan, M Ramanarayanan, V Ramasamy, SK Ramazanu, S Rana, J Rana, K Rana, RK Ranabhat, CL Rancic, N Rane, A Ranta, A Rao, M Rao, SJ Rashedi, S Rashidi, M-M Rasouli-Saravani, A Rathish, D Rauniyar, SK Rawaf, S Razo, C Reddy, MMRK Redwan, EMM Rehman, IU Remuzzi, G Rezaei, N Rezaeian, M Rezazadeh, H Rhee, TG Riaz, MA Ribeiro, ALP Rodrigues, M Rodrigues da Silva, TPR Rodriguez, JAB Roever, L Romadlon, DS Ross, AG Rout, HS Roy, B Roy, P Roy, S Ruela, GDA Russo, M Rwegerera, GM S N, C Saad, AMA Saber, K Saber-Ayad, MM Sabet, CJ Sabour, S Sacco, S Saddik, BA Sadeghi, E Saeb, MR Saeed, U Safi, SZZ Sagar, R Saghafi, A Sagoe, D Saheb Sharif-Askari, F Sahebkar, A Sahoo, PM Sahoo, SS Sajid, MR Salami, AA Salaroli, LB Saleh, MA Salem, MZY Salum, GA Samadzadeh, S Samargandy, S Samodra, YL Samuel, VP Samy, AM Sanabria, J Santos, IS Santric-Milicevic, MM Sarasmita, MA Saravanan, A Sarikhani, Y Sarode, GS Sarode, SC Satpathy, M Sattouf, Z Saya, GK Sayeed, MA Sayyah, M Scarmeas, N Schaarschmidt, BM Schlaich, MP Schmidt, MI Schneider, IJC Schuermans, A Schumacher, AE Schutte, AE Schwebel, DC Selvaraj, S Sen, P Senapati, S Senthilkumaran, S Sergindo, MT Sethi, Y Seylani, A Shafie, M Shah, PA Shahabi, S Shahbandi, A Shahid, S Shahsavari, HR Shahwan, MJ Shaikh, MA Shalash, AS Shamim, MA Shams-Beyranvand, M Shamsi, A Shamsutdinova, A Shanawaz, M Shannawaz, M Sharath, M Sharifan, A Sharifi, A Sharifi-Rad, J Sharma, A Sharma, M Sharma, S Sharma, U Sharma, V Sheikhi, RA Shetty, A Shetty, M Shetty, PK Shiferaw, D Shigematsu, M Shimels, T Shin, M-J Shiri, R Shittu, A Shitu, A-KO Shiue, I Shorofi, SA Shrestha, S Shuval, K Si, Y Siddig, EE Sikdar, M Silva, JP Silva, LMLR Singh, A Singh, B Singh, G Singh, H Singh, JA Singh, K Singh, NP Singh, P Singh, P Sipilä, JOT Sivakumar, S Skryabin, VY Skryabina, AA Sleet, DA Sobia, F Socea, B Sohag, AAM Solanki, R Solanki, S Solomon, Y Song, Y Soraneh, S Sorensen, RJD Sotoudeh, H Soyiri, IN Spartalis, M Sreeramareddy, CT Srinivasamurthy, SK Stachteas, P Stafford, LK Stark, BA Starodubova, AV Subedi, N Subramaniyan, V Suleman, M Sultana, A Sun, Z Sundström, J Suresh, V Susanty, S Swain, CK Szarpak, L T Y, SS Tabaee Damavandi, P Tabarés-Seisdedos, R Tabatabaei, SM Tabatabai, S Tabche, C Tabish, M Tadakamadla, J Tadakamadla, SK Taheri, A Taiba, J Talaat, IM Talukder, A Tampa, M Tamuzi, JL Tan, K-K Tang, H Tanwar, M Tarigan, IU Tarkang, EE Tat, NY Tavangar, SM Tehrani-Banihashemi, A Teimoori, M Temsah, M-H Temsah, RMH Teramoto, M Tesfamariam, WB Tesfaye Gta, EG Thakur, R Thangaraju, P Thapa, R Thapar, R Thayakaran, R Thirunavukkarasu, S Thomas, J Thomas, NKK Thrift, AG Tian, J Tichopad, A Ticoalu, JHV Tiruneh, C Tiwari, K Tiyuri, A Tonelli, M Topor-Madry, R Tovani-Palone, MR Trabelsi, K Tran, NH Tran, TH Tran Minh Duc, N Trico, D Tromans, SJ Truyen, TTTT Tsai, DH-T Tsatsakis, A Tsermpini, EE Turuse, EAA Tyrovolas, S Udoakang, AJ Udoh, A Ullah, A Ullah, S Umair, M Umar, M Unim, B Unnikrishnan, B Urso, D Usman, JS Vacante, M Vahabi, SM Vahdati, S Vaithinathan, AG Vakili, O Valizadeh, R Van den Eynde, J Varga, O Varthya, SB Vasankari, TJ Vellingiri, B Venketasubramanian, N Verma, M Veroux, M Verras, G-I Vervoort, D Villafañe, JH Villani, S Vinayak, M Viskadourou, M Volovat, SR Volovici, V Wafa, HA Waheed, Y Wahood, W Wang, C Wang, F Wang, S Wang, S Wang, Y Wang, Y-P Wanjau, MN Waqas, M Wassie, EG Wassie, GT Wei, Z Weintraub, RG Weldetinsaa, HL Wickramasinghe, DP Wickramasinghe, ND Wijeratne, T Willeit, P Wolfe, CDA Wong, YJ Wongsin, U Wu, C Wu, F Wu, Y Wu, Z Xiao, H Xu, S Xu, X Yamagishi, K Yang, D Yano, Y Yarahmadi, A Yaribeygi, H Yasufuku, Y Yatsuya, H Yazdanpanah, F Yazdanpanah, MH Ye, P Yesodharan, R Yezli, S Yi, S Yi, X Yin, D Yon, DK Yonemoto, N Yu, C Yu, EA Yun, K Yusuf, H Zadey, S Zafari, N Zaman, BA Zaman, SB Zanghì, A Zare, I Zarimeidani, F Zarrintan, A Zastrozhin, M Zemedikun, D Zeng, Y Zhang, B Zhang, H Zhang, L Zhang, Y Zhang, Z Zhao, H Zhong, CC Zhou, SC Zhu, B Zhu, L Zhumagaliuly, A Ziafati, M Zielińska, M Zikarg, YT Zoghi, G Zyoud, SH Zyoud, SH Johnson, CO Roth, GA Nair, BS Rautalin, I Bhati, A Bisignano, C Vos, T Murray, CJL |
| Item Type: | Journal Article |
| Abstract: | Background Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
| Issue Date: | Oct-2024 |
| Date of Acceptance: | 1-Oct-2024 |
| URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/115109 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00369-7 |
| ISSN: | 1474-4422 |
| Publisher: | Elsevier |
| Start Page: | 973 |
| End Page: | 1003 |
| Journal / Book Title: | Lancet Neurology |
| Volume: | 23 |
| Issue: | 10 |
| Copyright Statement: | Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. |
| Publication Status: | Published |
| Online Publication Date: | 2024-10 |
| Appears in Collections: | School of Public Health |
This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License
