Exploring molecular signatures of exposure to water disinfection by-products: a multi-omic analysis across multiple exposure routes
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Background
Disinfection by-products, including those arising from secondary reactions between chlorinated reagents and natural organic matter such as trihalomethanes (THMs), have been associated with several adverse health outcomes, such as bladder and colorectal cancer.
Aims
We aim to identify metabolic signatures of THM exposure in a high exposure setting (swimming pool), validate these markers in an external data with low exposure contrast (residential tap water), and characterise the multi-omic responses to THM exposures.
Materials and methods
In PISCINA-II study (discovery data), 58 volunteers swam in a chlorinated pool for 40 min. Metabolomics and proteomics in serum and THM concentrations in exhaled breath were measured before and after swimming. Metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) using multivariate normal models was used to identify signatures of exposure to individual THM components. Multivariate analysis coupling stability-calibrated consensus clustering and sparse partial least square models selected sets of features jointly affected by exposures. Stability-calibrated conditional independence networks integrated selected metabolic features and immune proteomic markers. Selected features were finally annotated and further validated in the MCC-Spain study with n = 294 cancer-free individuals.
Results
MWAS identified 188 features significantly associated with at least one THM component. Multivariate analysis selected 21 metabolic clusters, containing 72 individual features, of which 12 were tentatively identified. Of these, L-kynurenine, Lyso-PE (20:4), piperine and cortisone were also identified in the MCC-Spain study despite much lower exposure contrasts. We visualised the complex correlations across molecular features jointly associated with THM exposures.
Conclusions
This study provides detailed characterisation of molecular responses to THM exposure from different routes and at different levels. Future studies are needed to understand the health implications of the involved metabolites.
Disinfection by-products, including those arising from secondary reactions between chlorinated reagents and natural organic matter such as trihalomethanes (THMs), have been associated with several adverse health outcomes, such as bladder and colorectal cancer.
Aims
We aim to identify metabolic signatures of THM exposure in a high exposure setting (swimming pool), validate these markers in an external data with low exposure contrast (residential tap water), and characterise the multi-omic responses to THM exposures.
Materials and methods
In PISCINA-II study (discovery data), 58 volunteers swam in a chlorinated pool for 40 min. Metabolomics and proteomics in serum and THM concentrations in exhaled breath were measured before and after swimming. Metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) using multivariate normal models was used to identify signatures of exposure to individual THM components. Multivariate analysis coupling stability-calibrated consensus clustering and sparse partial least square models selected sets of features jointly affected by exposures. Stability-calibrated conditional independence networks integrated selected metabolic features and immune proteomic markers. Selected features were finally annotated and further validated in the MCC-Spain study with n = 294 cancer-free individuals.
Results
MWAS identified 188 features significantly associated with at least one THM component. Multivariate analysis selected 21 metabolic clusters, containing 72 individual features, of which 12 were tentatively identified. Of these, L-kynurenine, Lyso-PE (20:4), piperine and cortisone were also identified in the MCC-Spain study despite much lower exposure contrasts. We visualised the complex correlations across molecular features jointly associated with THM exposures.
Conclusions
This study provides detailed characterisation of molecular responses to THM exposure from different routes and at different levels. Future studies are needed to understand the health implications of the involved metabolites.
Date Issued
2026-09-01
Date Acceptance
2026-07-27
Citation
Environment International, 2026, 215
ISSN
0160-4120
Publisher
Elsevier
Journal / Book Title
Environment International
Volume
215
Copyright Statement
© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
10.1016/j.envint.2026.110442
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
110442
Date Publish Online
2026-07-28