Constraints to rare earth elements supply diversification: evidence from an industry survey
File(s)
Accepted version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial to accomplishing renewable energy targets throughout the world, including electrical vehicles and wind energy. Despite the extensive requirements of REEs, current supply chains are mainly fulfilled by the Chinese rare earth (RE) industry. This has resulted in price volatility, supply chain uncertainties, and RE trade disputes. The authors identified 13 factors as constraints to develop RE supply chains outside China and these constraints were rated by the major RE companies outside China, including RE industry experts. The survey results obtained from RE industry experts have been statistically analysed to ascertain the key factors that affect the development of independent rare earth (RE) supply chains outside China. 4 key factors were identified as statistically important, among them, business uncertainties within the RE industry and the Chinese RE influences on global supply chains being the dominant factors.
Date Issued
2022-01-10
Date Acceptance
2021-11-15
Citation
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 331
ISSN
0959-6526
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Journal / Book Title
Journal of Cleaner Production
Volume
331
Copyright Statement
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Subjects
0907 Environmental Engineering
0910 Manufacturing Engineering
0915 Interdisciplinary Engineering
Environmental Sciences
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
ARTN 129932
Date Publish Online
2021-11-30