Unequivocal evidence points to anthropogenic activities causing a substantial increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere leading to climate change and affecting air quality. Several initiatives, including the Paris Agreement, aim to keep the global average temperature increase below 2°C from pre-industrial levels via legally binding nationally determined contributions (NDC). In that context, implementing energy efficiency measures, deploying renewable energy, and implementing CO2 abatement technologies such as Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) is necessary to limit greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. CCS is expected to deliver a total abatement of 6.2 Gt CO2 yr-1 by 2050 if the net zero scenarios are to be achieved. According to the latest energy outlook from IEA, a 146-fold increase of the current capture rate capacity of 42.5 Mt year-1 in the next 28 years (i.e., an annual compound growth rate of 19%) is required.
Batch-wise transportation of CO2 can be an option in CCS, for such cases where pipeline transportation is not feasible, due to geography and environmental barriers, or when the amount of CO2 to be transported is not sufficiently high to warrant pipeline transport. This approach could expand the reach of CCS chains while optimising infrastructure for stationary CO2 emitters with high captured emission profiles. However, batch-wise transportation requires intermediate storage buffers and flow concentration facilities (i.e., intermediate storage hubs) for processing multiple sources of CO2 before injection. It also raises questions about the additional GHG emissions produced during CO2 conditioning and transportation, which are not well understood...