Visual and ocular manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease and their use as biomarkers for diagnosis and progression
Author(s)
Javaid, Fatimah Zara
Brenton, Jonathan
Guo, Li
Cordeiro, Maria F
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the growing aging population today, with prevalence expected to rise over the next 35 years. Clinically, patients exhibit a progressive decline in cognition, memory, and social functioning due to deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These pathological hallmarks of AD are measured either through neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or diagnosed post-mortem. Importantly, neuropathological progression occurs in the eye as well as the brain, and multiple visual changes have been noted in both human and animal models of AD. The eye offers itself as a transparent medium to cerebral pathology and has thus potentiated the development of ocular biomarkers for AD. The use of non-invasive screening, such as retinal imaging and visual testing, may enable earlier diagnosis in the clinical setting, minimizing invasive and expensive investigations. It also potentially improves disease management and quality of life for AD patients, as an earlier diagnosis allows initiation of medication and treatment. In this review, we explore the evidence surrounding ocular changes in AD and consider the biomarkers currently in development for early diagnosis.
Date Issued
2016-04-19
Date Acceptance
2016-03-29
Citation
Frontiers in Neurology, 2016, 7, pp.1-11
ISSN
1664-2295
Publisher
Frontiers Media
Start Page
1
End Page
11
Journal / Book Title
Frontiers in Neurology
Volume
7
Copyright Statement
© 2016 Javaid, Brenton, Guo and Cordeiro. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
License URL
Sponsor
St Marys Development Trust
St Marys Development Trust
Identifier
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000374289200001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
Grant Number
CFT/15/4003
CFT/15/4003
Subjects
Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Clinical Neurology
Neurosciences
Neurosciences & Neurology
Alzheimer's disease
neurodegereration
biomarkers
animal models of neurodegenerative disease
visual changes
MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
NERVE-FIBER LAYER
RETINAL-PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
INTRACELLULAR A-BETA
GANGLION-CELL LOSS
MACULAR DEGENERATION
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
MOUSE MODEL
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
ARTN 55
Date Publish Online
2016-04-19