This thesis studies the instability and receptivity of boundary layers over a concave wall
and a swept Joukowski airfoil. The main interest is in excitation of relevant instability
waves by free-stream vortical disturbances and in their subsequent linear development.
We first consider excitation of Gortler vortices in a Blasius boundary layer over a concave
wall. Attention is focused on disturbances with long streamwise wavelengths, to
which the boundary layer is most receptive. The appropriate initial-boundary-value problem
describing both the receptivity process and the subsequent development of the induced
perturbation is formulated for the generic case where the Gortler number GΛ (based on
the spanwise wavelength Λ of the disturbance) is of order one. The impact of free-stream
disturbances on the boundary layer is accounted for by the far-field boundary condition and
the initial condition near the leading edge, both of which turn out to be the same as those
given by Leib, Wundrow and Goldstein (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 380, 1999, p.169) for the flatplate
boundary layer.
Numerical solutions of the initial-value problem show that for a sufficiently small GΛ,
the induced perturbation exhibits essentially the same characteristics as streaks occuring
in the flat plate case: the streamwise velocity undergoes considerable amplification and
then decays. However, when GΛ exceeds a critical value, the induced perturbation exhibits
(quasi-)exponential growth. Comparison with local parallel and non-parallel instability
theories reveal that the perturbation acquires the modal shape of Gortler vortices rather
quickly, but its growth rate differs appreciably from that predicted by local instability theories
before the convergence at large downstream distances. Nevertheless, the overall agreement
is close enough to indicate that Gortler vortices have been excited by free-stream
disturbances. The amplitude of excited Gortler vortices is found to decrease with the frequency. Steady vortices, generated by steady components of free-stream disturbances, tend
to be dominant. Detailed quantitative comparisons with experiments were performed. It
is found that the eigenvalue approach predicts the modal shape adequately, but only the
initial-value approach can accurately predict the evolution of the amplitude as well as the
modal shape.
An asymptotic analysis is performed on the assumption of GΛ >>1 to map out distinct
regimes through which a disturbance of a fixed spanwise wavelength evolves. The centrifugal
force enters the play to influence the generation of the pressure when x* ~ΛRΛG−2/3
Λ ,
where RΛ denotes the Reynolds number based on Λ. The induced pressure leads to full
coupling of the momentum equations when x* ~ ΛRΛG−2/5
Λ . This is the crucial regime
linking the pre-modal and modal phases of the perturbation because the governing equations
admit a countable set of growing asymptotic eigensolutions, which develop into fully
fledged Gortler vortices of inviscid nature when x* ~ ΛRΛ. From this position onwards,
local eigenvalue formulations are mathematically justified. The generated Gortler vortices
continue to amplify and enter the so-called most unstable regime when x* ~ ΛRΛGΛ, and
ultimately approach the right-branch regime when x* ~ ΛRΛG2
Λ.
We then extend our study to the receptivity of a three-dimensional boundary layer over
a swept wing to free-stream vortical disturbances. The base flow is taken to be the boundary
layer over a swept Joukowski airfoil. In contrast to the two-dimensional boundary
layer, external disturbances with comparable streamwise and spanwise wavelengths are relevant
to receptivity. The appropriate initial-boundary-value problem consists of linearised
boundary-layer equations supplemented by the initial condition at the leading edge and
the boundary condition in the far field, which are derived by applying the rapid distortion
theory, and matching the resultant inviscid solution with the boundary-layer solution. It is
found that the linearised boundary-layer equations support spatially growing eigenmodes
despite the absence of a pressure gradient. The modes may be first excited by free-stream
disturbances, and eventually evolve into fully fledged crossflow vortices.