BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine whether a simulation-based care pathway approach (CPA) curriculum could improve compliance for enhanced recovery programs (ERP), and residents' participation in laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCS). Indeed, trainee surgeons have limited access to LCS as primary operator, and ERP have improved patients' outcomes in colorectal surgery (CS). METHODS: All residents of our department were trained in a simulation-based CPA: perioperative training consisted in virtual patients built according to guidelines in both ERP and CS, whilst intraoperative training involved a virtual reality simulator curriculum. Twenty consecutive patients undergoing CS were prospectively included before (n=10) and after (n=10) the training. All demographic and perioperative data were prospectively collected, including compliance for ERP. Residents' participation as primary operator in LCS was measured. RESULTS: Five residents (PGY 4-7) were enrolled. None had performed LCS as primary operator. Overall satisfaction and usefulness were both rated 4.5/5, usefulness of pre-, post- and intraoperative training was rated 5/5, 4.5/5 and 4/5, respectively. Residents' participation in LCS significantly improved after the training (0% (0-100) vs. 82.5% (10-100); P=0.006). Pre- and intraoperative data were comparable between groups. Postoperative morbidity was also comparable. Compliance for ERP improved at Day 2 in post-training patients (3 (30%) vs. 8 (80%); P=0.035). Length of stay was not modified. CONCLUSIONS: A simulated CPA curriculum to training in LCS and ERP was correctly implemented. It seemed to improve compliance for ERP, and promoted residents participation as primary operator without adversely altering patients' outcomes.