With continuing urbanization, challenges associated with the urban environment such as air
quality, heat islands, pedestrian thermal comfort, and wind loads on tall buildings, are increasingly relevant. Our ability to realistically capture processes such as the transport of heat,
moisture, momentum and pollutants, and those of radiative transfer in urban environments
is key to understanding and facing these challenges (Oke et al., 2017). The turbulent nature
of the urban flow field and the inherent heterogeneity and wide range of scales associated
with the urban environment result in a complex modelling problem. Large-eddy simulation
(LES) is an approach to turbulence modelling used in computational fluid dynamics to simulate turbulent flows over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. LES is one of the most
promising tools to model the interactions typical of urban areas due to its ability to resolve the
urban flow field at resolutions of O(1 m, 0.1 s), over spatial domains of O(100 m), and time
periods of O(10 h). Although there are many scalable LES models for atmospheric flows, to
our knowledge, only few are capable of explicitly representing buildings and of modelling the
full range of urban processes (e.g. PALM-4U Resler et al. (2017); Maronga et al. (2020); or
OpenFoam Weller et al. (1998)).