Identifying potential vulnerability to long COVID through global‐to‐local inequalities in years lived with disability attributed to COVID‐19, 2020–2021, across 920 locations
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has reshaped global health; however, the long‐term burden of long COVID remains poorly understood, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where limited surveillance and data gaps may obscure a substantial and sustained impact. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 framework, we previously assessed the direct COVID‐19 burden—including incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs)—across 920 locations during 2020–2021. In this study, we focus on years lived with disability (YLDs), particularly in 2021, as a potential early indicator to identify locations and populations that may be at higher risk of long COVID burden in subsequent years (e.g., 2022–2023). We also examine patterns of inequality to highlight vulnerable groups. Our findings are consistent with multiple large‐scale studies on long COVID and suggest that YLDs may serve as a useful early proxy for ongoing burden. Importantly, we identify notably higher age‐standardized YLD rates in LMICs—especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa and in parts of South Asia and Eastern Europe. These areas, previously underexplored in long COVID research, might be particularly susceptible to its effects. Among the top 10 countries with the highest age‐standardized YLD rates in 2021, 80% fell within the low, low‐middle, and middle Socio‐demographic Index (SDI) categories. These high age‐standardized YLD rates may point to systemic vulnerabilities and entrenched structural health disparities, indicating a potential for considerable and enduring long COVID burden that could persist to the present day in the absence of targeted interventions. Furthermore, our inequality analysis underscores that while both advantaged and disadvantaged groups in LMICs require attention, the most disadvantaged groups warrant special focus due to their more severe resource constraints and restricted capacity for resilience‐building. Overall, this study supports calls for stronger surveillance, expanded access to rehabilitation, and better integration of long COVID care into universal health coverage. Continued GBD updates will be essential for monitoring trends and guiding responsive public health strategies.
Date Issued
2025-09-01
Date Acceptance
2025-07-25
Citation
Med Research, 2025, 1 (2), pp.297-317
ISSN
2998-4963
Publisher
Wiley
Start Page
297
End Page
317
Journal / Book Title
Med Research
Volume
1
Issue
2
Copyright Statement
© 2025 The Author(s). Med Research published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Changsha Baiyi Garden Biotechnology Co., LTD. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
License URL
Identifier
10.1002/mdr2.70023
Subjects
COVID-19
Global Burden of Disease
health inequality
long COVID
low-and middle-income countries (LMICs)
years lived with disability
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
mdr2.70023
Date Publish Online
2025-08-03