Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) can help countries attain and sustain universal health coverage (UHC), as
long as it is context-specific and considered within deliberative processes at the country level. Institutionalising
robust deliberative processes requires significant time and resources, however, and countries often begin by
demanding evidence (including local CEA evidence as well as evidence about local values), whilst striving to
strengthen the governance structures and technical capacities with which to generate, consider and act on such
evidence. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such capacities could be developed initially around a
small technical unit in the health ministry or health insurer. The role of networks, development partners, and
global norm setting organisations is crucial in supporting the necessary capacities.