Designing neural synthesizers for low-latency interaction
File(s)
Author(s)
Caspe, Franco
Shier, Jordie
Sandler, Mark
Saitis, Charalampos
McPherson, Andrew
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Neural audio synthesis (NAS) models offer interactive musical control over high-quality, expressive audio generators. While these models can operate in real time, they often suffer from high latency, making them unsuitable for intimate musical interaction. The impact of architectural choices in deep learning models on audio latency remains largely unexplored in the NAS literature. In this work, the authors investigate the sources of latency and jitter typically found in interactive NAS models. They then apply this analysis to the task of timbre transfer using the RAVE model (Realtime Audio Variational autoEncoder), a convolutional variational autoencoder for audio waveforms introduced by Caillon and Esling in 2021. Finally, an iterative design approach for optimizing latency is presented. This culminates with a model the authors call BRAVE (Bravely Realtime Audio Variational autoEncoder), which is low-latency and exhibits better pitch and loudness replication while showing timbre modification capabilities similar to RAVE. It is implemented in a specialized inference framework for low-latency, real-time inference, and a proof-of-concept audio plugin compatible with audio signals from musical instruments is presented. The authors expect the challenges and guidelines described in this document to support NAS researchers in designing models for low-latency inference from the ground up, enriching the landscape of possibilities for musicians.
Date Issued
2025-05-01
Date Acceptance
2025-04-01
Citation
AES: Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 2025, 73 (5)
ISSN
1549-4950
Publisher
Audio Engineering Society
Journal / Book Title
AES: Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Volume
73
Issue
5
Copyright Statement
Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
10.17743/jaes.2022.0204
Subjects
Acoustics
Engineering
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Science & Technology
Technology
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2025-05-01