Quantifying the change of brake wear particulate matter emissions through powertrain electrification in passenger vehicles
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Hicks, William
Green, David C
Beevers, Sean
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
With vehicle fleets transitioning from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric powertrains, we have used friction brake power simulations, for different vehicle classes and driving styles, to predict the impact of regenerative braking systems (RBS) on brake wear particulate matter emissions (PM10 and PM2.5). Under the same powertrain, subcompact (SC) vehicles were predicted to require between 38 and 68% less friction brake power than heavier sports utility vehicles (L-SUV). However, despite electric and hybrid vehicles being heavier than ICE vehicles, the results show that RBS would reduce brake wear by between 64 and 95%. The study highlights the effect of aggressive braking on the amount of friction brake power required, with electric powertrains more likely to require friction braking to perform short, but aggressive braking compared with longer, slower braking events. Brake wear reductions varied under different driving conditions, as the level of mitigation depends on the complex interaction of several variables, including: vehicle speed, deceleration rate, regenerative braking technology and vehicle mass. Urban brake wear emission factors for electric powertrains ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 mg PM10/km and 1.5–2.1 mg PM2.5/km, providing an average reduction in PM emission factors of 68%. Rural and motorway driving conditions had lower brake wear emission factors, with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) emitting negligible PM10 and PM2.5 brake wear. Although electric powertrain uptake, vehicle mileage driven and driving styles are dependent upon national policies and strategies, by 2035, we project that total UK brake wear PM emissions would reduce by up to 39% compared with 2020 levels. This analysis supports the transition towards electric and hybrid vehicle fleets to reduce brake wear emissions, however increases in tyre wear, road wear, and resuspension due to increased vehicle mass may offset these benefits.
Date Issued
2023-11-01
Date Acceptance
2023-08-15
Citation
Environmental Pollution, 2023, 336
ISSN
0269-7491
Publisher
Elsevier
Journal / Book Title
Environmental Pollution
Volume
336
Copyright Statement
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:001060599000001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=a2bf6146997ec60c407a63945d4e92bb
Subjects
AIR-QUALITY
Brake wear
Electrification
Environmental Sciences
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Non-exhaust emissions
PM10
PM2.5
Science & Technology
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Article Number
122400
Date Publish Online
2023-08-16