Using deep reinforcement learning with hierarchical risk parity for portfolio optimization
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Published version
Author(s)
Millea, Adrian
Edalat, Abbas
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
We devise a hierarchical decision-making architecture for portfolio optimization on multiple markets. At the highest level a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agent selects among a number of discrete actions, representing low-level agents. For the low-level agents, we use a set of Hierarchical Risk Parity (HRP) and Hierarchical Equal Risk Contribution (HERC) models with different hyperparameters, which all run in parallel, off-market (in a simulation). The information on which the DRL agent decides which of the low-level agents should act next is constituted by the stacking of the recent performances of all agents. Thus, the modelling resembles a statefull, non-stationary, multi-arm bandit, where the performance of the individual arms changes with time and is assumed to be dependent on the recent history. We perform experiments on the cryptocurrency market (117 assets), on the stock market (46 assets) and on the foreign exchange market (28 pairs) showing the excellent robustness and performance of the overall system. Moreover, we eliminate the need for retraining and are able to deal with large testing sets successfully.
Date Issued
2023-03
Date Acceptance
2022-12-23
Citation
International Journal of Financial Studies, 2023, 11 (1)
ISSN
2227-7072
Publisher
MDPI AG
Journal / Book Title
International Journal of Financial Studies
Volume
11
Issue
1
Copyright Statement
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000955867600001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=a2bf6146997ec60c407a63945d4e92bb
Subjects
Business & Economics
Business, Finance
cryptocurrencies
Deep Reinforcement Learning
foreign exchange
Hierarchical Equal Risk Contribution
Hierarchical Risk Parity
portfolio optimization
Social Sciences
stocks
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
10
Date Publish Online
2022-12-29