FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: pepper, ginger, coniferous-derived and related flavoring ingredients
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
As part of the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association's (FEMA) program to evaluate the safety of flavor ingredients, this publication, thirteenth in the series, details the re-evaluation of natural flavor complexes (NFCs) whose constituent profiles are characterized by mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The Panel's constituent-based safety evaluation procedure parses the identified constituents of each NFC into well-defined congeneric groups. For each congeneric group, an evaluation based on the estimated intake is conducted using the conservative Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach and a review of available data on absorption, metabolism and toxicity, including genotoxicity, for identified constituents and the NFCs, is conducted. The scope of the safety evaluation of the NFCs contained herein does not include added use in dietary supplements or any products other than food. Thirty-five NFCs, derived from the Angelica, Abies, Cananga, Croton, Apium, Canarium, Erigeron, Ferula, Zingiber, Humulus, Juniperus, Cistus, Commiphora, Boswellia, Piper, Pinus and Schinus genera were determined/affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under their conditions of intended use as flavoring ingredients based on an evaluation of each NFC and the constituents and congeneric groups therein.
Date Issued
2026-05-01
Date Acceptance
2025-11-12
Citation
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2026, 211
ISSN
0278-6915
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Journal / Book Title
Food and Chemical Toxicology
Volume
211
Copyright Statement
© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by nc-nd
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41390051
PII: S0278-6915(25)00617-9
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Article Number
115849
Date Publish Online
2025-12-11