Small-scale livelihood and cultural fire: global spatiotemporal characteristics, and gaps in data
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Smith, Cathy
Kasoar, Matthew
Perkins, Oliver
Millington, James DA
Mistry, Jayalaxshmi
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Human fire use is a key activity and process in many landscapes and ecosystems around the world, varying spatiotemporally depending on social, economic, and ecological factors. Recently, initiatives have begun to synthesise data on global fire use from across multiple disciplines and disparate sources into coherent databases. Here, we draw on information from one of these databases, the Livelihood Fire Database, which collates data on fire use practices worldwide from case studies in the literature. We examine data from 345 case study locations spanning 69 countries regarding return interval, area burned, and seasonality of anthropogenic fires set to meet small-scale rural livelihood objectives and/or for cultural reasons. We distinguish patterns in the spatiotemporal nature of fires associated with different fire-use purposes, such as clearing vegetation for agriculture, maintaining pasture for livestock, promoting certain plant species for gathering, or driving game when hunting. For many fire uses, especially those related to hunting, gathering, human wellbeing, and social signalling, there are very limited quantitative data available, but it is possible to draw qualitative insights from case studies. Case studies demonstrate that environmental and social conditions drive variation in fire use for the same purpose, reiterating that assumptions of uniform drivers of anthropogenic fire may be misleading. Nonetheless where quantitative data are available, we find some correspondence between the spatiotemporal nature of fires and fire-use purpose, suggesting that distinguishing between different fire-use purposes may be useful to understand and to better model their likely timing, size, and frequency relative to climate and other drivers. We recommend examples where the diagnosis of these broad relationships between fire-use purpose and fire properties could enable improved representation of anthropogenic fire in global land surface models, and aid interpretation of remote sensing data. Many of the smaller fires now being revealed in global burned area data by new fine-scale remote sensing products are likely human-set; continued collection, collation, and analyses of case study data on human fire use globally will be essential to help interpret this improved detection of small fires, and to ensure appropriate representation of the underlying drivers of human activity when modelling fire regimes.
Editor(s)
Lasko, Kristofer
Date Issued
2026-01-20
Date Acceptance
2025-12-08
Citation
PLoS ONE, 2026, 21 (1)
ISSN
1932-6203
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Journal / Book Title
PLoS ONE
Volume
21
Issue
1
Copyright Statement
© 2026 Smith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
License URL
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41557733
PII: PONE-D-25-13919
Subjects
Humans
Fires
Ecosystem
Spatio-Temporal Analysis
Databases, Factual
Conservation of Natural Resources
Agriculture
Wildfires
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
United States
Article Number
e0339561
Date Publish Online
2026-01-20