Understanding the relationship between the frequency of HbA1c monitoring, HbA1c changes over time, and the achievement of targets: a retrospective cohort study
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Background
The goal of post-diagnosis diabetes management is the achievement and maintenance of glycaemic control. Most clinical practice guidelines recommend 3–6 monthly HbA1c monitoring. Despite this guidance, there are few data supporting the impact of monitoring frequency on clinical outcomes, particularly from low- and middle-income country settings. This study evaluates the short-term impact of HbA1c monitoring intervals on changes in HbA1c levels, and the impact of adherence to monitoring recommendations on the achievement of HbA1c targets and HbA1c changes over time in a South African cohort.
Research design and methods
The study utilised routinely collected HbA1c test data on patients with diabetes aged ≥ 18 years in the Western and Northern Cape between 2015 and 2020. Two properties were calculated for each patient: the retest interval (the duration between consecutive HbA1c tests), and the monitoring adherence rate, which represents the proportion of retest intervals that met South Africa’s guideline recommendations. Mean changes in HbA1c by the retest interval were used to highlight the short-term impact of monitoring, while multistate modelling and linear mixed-effects modelling were then used to examine the effect of monitoring adherence on the achievement of glycaemic control targets and longitudinal changes in HbA1c.
Results
The 132,859 diabetes patients with repeat tests had a median of three HbA1c test requests, a median follow-up time of 2.3 years and a median retest interval of 10.3 months. A retest interval 2–4 months maximised the downward trajectory in HbA1c, while individuals with low adherence to the monitoring guidelines were the least likely to achieve glycaemic control in one year. Moreover, patients with low monitoring adherence had higher mean HbA1c levels compared to patients with moderate or high monitoring adherence.
Conclusions
The results from this study illustrate the importance of adherence to monitoring recommendations as adherent patients had better glycaemic control and lower mean HbA1c levels over time.
The goal of post-diagnosis diabetes management is the achievement and maintenance of glycaemic control. Most clinical practice guidelines recommend 3–6 monthly HbA1c monitoring. Despite this guidance, there are few data supporting the impact of monitoring frequency on clinical outcomes, particularly from low- and middle-income country settings. This study evaluates the short-term impact of HbA1c monitoring intervals on changes in HbA1c levels, and the impact of adherence to monitoring recommendations on the achievement of HbA1c targets and HbA1c changes over time in a South African cohort.
Research design and methods
The study utilised routinely collected HbA1c test data on patients with diabetes aged ≥ 18 years in the Western and Northern Cape between 2015 and 2020. Two properties were calculated for each patient: the retest interval (the duration between consecutive HbA1c tests), and the monitoring adherence rate, which represents the proportion of retest intervals that met South Africa’s guideline recommendations. Mean changes in HbA1c by the retest interval were used to highlight the short-term impact of monitoring, while multistate modelling and linear mixed-effects modelling were then used to examine the effect of monitoring adherence on the achievement of glycaemic control targets and longitudinal changes in HbA1c.
Results
The 132,859 diabetes patients with repeat tests had a median of three HbA1c test requests, a median follow-up time of 2.3 years and a median retest interval of 10.3 months. A retest interval 2–4 months maximised the downward trajectory in HbA1c, while individuals with low adherence to the monitoring guidelines were the least likely to achieve glycaemic control in one year. Moreover, patients with low monitoring adherence had higher mean HbA1c levels compared to patients with moderate or high monitoring adherence.
Conclusions
The results from this study illustrate the importance of adherence to monitoring recommendations as adherent patients had better glycaemic control and lower mean HbA1c levels over time.
Date Issued
2025-01-06
Date Acceptance
2024-12-16
Citation
BMC Endocrine Disorders, 25 (1)
ISSN
1472-6823
Publisher
BMC
Start Page
3
Journal / Book Title
BMC Endocrine Disorders
Volume
25
Issue
1
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modifed the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39757191
PII: 10.1186/s12902-024-01816-w
Subjects
Glycaemic control
HbA1c
Low-and-Middle Income countries
Monitoring
Type-2 diabetes
Humans
Glycated Hemoglobin
Male
Female
Retrospective Studies
Middle Aged
South Africa
Glycemic Control
Blood Glucose
Adult
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Aged
Follow-Up Studies
Diabetes Mellitus
Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
Publication Status
Published online
Coverage Spatial
England
Article Number
3
Date Publish Online
2025-01-06