Molecular neuroimaging of inflammation in HIV
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Alagaratnam, Jasmini
Winston, Alan
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
People-with-HIV now have near-normal life expectancies due to the success of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Following cART initiation, immune recovery occurs, and opportunistic diseases become rare. Despite this, high rates of non-infectious comorbidities persist in treated people-with-HIV, hypothesised to be related to persistent immuno-activation. One such comorbidity is cognitive impairment, which may partly be driven by ongoing neuro-inflammation in otherwise effectively-treated people-with-HIV. In order to develop therapeutic interventions to address neuro-inflammation in effectively-treated people-with-HIV, a deeper understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms driving persistent neuro-inflammatory responses and the ability to better characterise and measure neuro-inflammation in the central nervous system is required. This review highlights recent advances in molecular neuroimaging techniques which have the potential to assess neuro-inflammatory responses within the central nervous system in HIV-disease. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-MRS) has been utilised to assess neuro-inflammatory responses since early in the HIV pandemic and shows promise in recent studies assessing different antiretroviral regimens. 1H-MRS is widely available in both resource-rich and some resource-constrained settings and is relatively inexpensive. Brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using Translocator Protein (TSPO) radioligands is a rapidly evolving field; newer TSPO-radioligands have lower signal-to-noise ratio and have the potential to localise neuro-inflammation within the brain in people-with-HIV. As HIV therapeutics evolve, people-with-HIV continue to age and develop age-related comorbidities including cognitive disorders. The use of novel neuroimaging modalities in the field is likely to advance in order to rapidly assess novel therapeutic interventions and may play a role in future clinical assessments.
Date Issued
2022-10-01
Date Acceptance
2021-11-03
Citation
Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2022, 210, pp.14-23
ISSN
0009-9104
Publisher
Wiley
Start Page
14
End Page
23
Journal / Book Title
Clinical and Experimental Immunology
Volume
210
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Immunology.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
License URL
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35020855
PII: 6431484
Subjects
Human
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Inflammation
Viral
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Date Publish Online
2021-11-18