The formation of disinfection by-products from the chlorination and chloramination of amides
File(s)
Accepted version
Author(s)
Sfynia, Chrysoula
Bond, Tom
Kanda, Rakesh
Templeton, Michael R
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
This study examined the potential of six aliphatic and aromatic amides, commonly found in natural waters or used as chemical aids in water treatment, to act as organic precursors for nine haloacetamides (HAcAms), five haloacetonitriles (HANs), regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) upon chlorination and chloramination. The impact of key experimental conditions, representative of drinking water, including pH (7 & 8), retention time (4 & 24 h) and bromide levels (0 & 100 μg/L), on the generation of the target DBPs was investigated. The highest aggregate DBP yields upon chlor(am)ination were reported for the aromatic and hydrophobic hydroxybenzamide; 2.7% ± 0.1% M/M (chlorination) and 1.7% M/M (chloramination). Increased reactivity was observed in aliphatic and hydrophilic compounds, acrylamide (2.5 ± 0.2% M/M) and acetamide (1.3 ± 0.2% M/M), in chlorination and chloramination, respectively. The addition of bromide increased average DBP yields by 50–70%. Relative to chlorination, the application of chloramines reduced DBP formation by 66.5% (without Br−) and by 46.4% (with Br−). However, bromine incorporation in HAAs and HAcAms was enhanced following chloramination, of concern due to the higher toxicological potency of brominated compounds.
Date Issued
2020-06
Date Acceptance
2020-01-16
Citation
Chemosphere, 2020, 248:125940
ISSN
0045-6535
Publisher
Elsevier
Journal / Book Title
Chemosphere
Volume
248:125940
Copyright Statement
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Subjects
Amide precursor
Bromine incorporation factor
Chlor(am)Ination
Disinfection by-products
Haloacetamides
Environmental Sciences
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
ARTN 125940
Date Publish Online
2020-01-18