Lead acid battery recycling for the twenty-first century
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Published version
Author(s)
Ballantyne, AD
Hallett, JP
Riley, DJ
Shah, N
Payne, DJ
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop novel processes to recover lead from end-of-life lead-acid batteries, due to increasing energy costs of pyrometallurgical lead recovery, the resulting CO2 emissions and the catastrophic health implications of lead exposure from lead-to-air emissions. To address these issues, we are developing an iono-metallurgical process, aiming to displace the pyrometallurgical process that has dominated lead production for millennia. The proposed process involves the dissolution of Pb salts into the deep eutectic solvent (DES) Ethaline 200, a liquid formed when a 1 : 2 molar ratio of choline chloride and ethylene glycol are mixed together. Once dissolved, the Pb can be recovered through electrodeposition and the liquid can then be recycled for further Pb recycling. Firstly, DESs are being used to dissolve the lead compounds (PbCO3, PbO, PbO2 and PbSO4) involved and their solubilities measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The resulting Pb2+ species are then reduced and electrodeposited as elemental lead at the cathode of an electrochemical cell; cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry are being used to determine the electrodeposition behaviour and mechanism. The electrodeposited films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We discuss the implications and opportunities of such processes.
Date Issued
2018-05-01
Date Acceptance
2018-04-03
ISSN
2054-5703
Publisher
Royal Society, The
Start Page
171368
End Page
171368
Journal / Book Title
Royal Society Open Science
Volume
5
Issue
5
Copyright Statement
© 2018 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
Sponsor
Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29892351
rsos171368
Grant Number
EP/P004504/1
Subjects
Science & Technology
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Science & Technology - Other Topics
electrochemistry
lead-acid batteries
recycling
DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS
CHOLINE CHLORIDE
SECONDARY LEAD
IONIC LIQUIDS
PBO
ELECTRODEPOSITION
SPECIATION
COATINGS
METALS
electrochemistry
lead-acid batteries
recycling
electrochemistry
lead-acid batteries
recycling
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Date Publish Online
2018-05-16