Wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED), also known as wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM),
is a metal 3D printing technique that is recognised for its high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, flexibility
in build scales and suitability for the construction sector. However, there remains a lack of fundamental
data on the structural performance of WAAM elements, especially regarding their fatigue behaviour.
A comprehensive experimental study into the fatigue behaviour of WAAM steel plates has therefore
been undertaken and is reported herein. Following geometric, mechanical and microstructural
characterisation, a series of WAAM coupons was tested under uniaxial high-cycle fatigue loading. A
total of 75 fatigue tests on both as-built and machined coupons, covering various stress ranges and
stress ratios (R = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4), have been conducted. The local stress concentrations in the asbuilt coupons induced by their surface undulations have also been studied by numerical simulations.
The fatigue test results were analysed using constant life diagrams (CLDs) and S-N (stress-life)
diagrams, based on both nominal and local stresses. The CLDs revealed that the fatigue strength of the
as-built WAAM steel was relatively insensitive to the different stress ratios. The S-N diagrams showed
that the surface undulations resulted in a reduction of about 35% in the fatigue endurance limit for the as-built WAAM material relative to the machined material, and a reduction of about 60% in fatigue
life under the same load level. The as-built and machined WAAM coupons were shown to exhibit
similar fatigue behaviour to conventional steel butt welds and S355 structural steel plates, respectively.
Preliminary nominal stress-based and local stress-based S-N curves were also proposed for the WAAM
steel.