Classification of kinematic and electromyographic signals associated with pathological tremor using machine and deep learning.
File(s)entropy-25-00114.pdf (1.94 MB)
Published version
Author(s)
Pascual-Valdunciel, Alejandro
Lopo-Martínez, Víctor
Beltrán-Carrero, Alberto J
Sendra-Arranz, Rafael
González-Sánchez, Miguel
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Peripheral Electrical Stimulation (PES) of afferent pathways has received increased interest as a solution to reduce pathological tremors with minimal side effects. Closed-loop PES systems might present some advantages in reducing tremors, but further developments are required in order to reliably detect pathological tremors to accurately enable the stimulation only if a tremor is present. This study explores different machine learning (K-Nearest Neighbors, Random Forest and Support Vector Machines) and deep learning (Long Short-Term Memory neural networks) models in order to provide a binary (Tremor; No Tremor) classification of kinematic (angle displacement) and electromyography (EMG) signals recorded from patients diagnosed with essential tremors and healthy subjects. Three types of signal sequences without any feature extraction were used as inputs for the classifiers: kinematics (wrist flexion-extension angle), raw EMG and EMG envelopes from wrist flexor and extensor muscles. All the models showed high classification scores (Tremor vs. No Tremor) for the different input data modalities, ranging from 0.8 to 0.99 for the f1 score. The LSTM models achieved 0.98 f1 scores for the classification of raw EMG signals, showing high potential to detect tremors without any processed features or preliminary information. These models may be explored in real-time closed-loop PES strategies to detect tremors and enable stimulation with minimal signal processing steps.
Date Issued
2023-01-05
Date Acceptance
2022-12-30
Citation
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland), 2023, 25 (1), pp.1-13
ISSN
1099-4300
Publisher
MDPI AG
Start Page
1
End Page
13
Journal / Book Title
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
Volume
25
Issue
1
Copyright Statement
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36673255
PII: e25010114
Subjects
LSTM
electrical stimulation
machine learning
tremor
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
Switzerland
Date Publish Online
2023-01-05