Background
Undernutrition is a major risk factor for TB incidence in the WHO South-East (SE) Asia Region. We examined the potential impact of addressing undernutrition as a preventive measure, for reducing TB burden in region.

Methods
We developed a deterministic, compartmental mathematical model, capturing undernutrition and its associated excess risk of TB, amongst countries in the Region. We simulated two types of interventions: (i) nutritional rehabilitation amongst all close contacts of TB patients, and (ii) an illustrative, population-wide scenario where 30% of people with undernutrition would be nutritionally rehabilitated each year. We also simulated this impact with additional measures to improve the TB care cascade.

Findings
The impact of nutritional interventions varies by country. For example, in India nutritional rehabilitation of 30% of undernourished population each year would avert 15.9% (95% Uncertainty Intervals (UI) 11.8–21.3) of cumulative incidence between 2023 and 2030, contrasting with 4.8% (95% UI 2.9–9.5) for Bhutan, which has only 10.9% prevalence of undernutrition. Reductions in cumulative mortality range from 11.6% (95% UI 8.2–17.1) for Bhutan, to 26.0% (95% UI 22.4–30.8) for India. Comparable incremental reductions in TB burden arise when combined with measures to improve the TB care cascade. Overall, nutritional interventions in the general population would increase incidence reductions by 2–3 fold, and mortality reductions by 5–6 fold, relative to targeting only contacts.

Interpretation
Nutritional interventions could cause substantial reductions in TB burden in the Region. Their health benefits extend well beyond TB, underlining their importance for public health.

Funding
None.