Offshore wind turbines in shallow coastal waters are typically supported on monopile foundations.
Although three dimensional (3D) finite element methods are available for the design of monopiles in
this context, much of the routine design work is currently conducted using simplified one dimensional
(1D) models based on the p-y method. The p-y method was originally developed for the relatively
large embedded length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) piles that are typically employed in offshore oil and gas
structures. Concerns exist, however, that this analysis approach may not be appropriate for
monopiles with the relatively low values of L/D that are typically adopted for offshore wind turbine
structures. This paper describes a new 1D design model for monopile foundations; the model is
specifically formulated for offshore wind turbine applications although the general approach could be
adopted for other applications. The model draws on the conventional p-y approach, but extends it to
include additional components of soil reaction that act on the pile. The 1D model is calibrated using a
set of bespoke 3D finite element analyses of monopile performance, for pile characteristics and
loading conditions that span a predefined design space. The calibrated 1D model provides results that
match those obtained from the 3D finite element calibration analysis, but at a fraction of the
computational cost. Moreover, within the calibration space, the 1D model is capable of delivering high
fidelity computations of monopile performance that can be used directly for design purposes. This 1D
modelling approach is demonstrated for monopiles installed in a stiff overconsolidated glacial clay till
with a typical North Sea strength and stiffness profile. Although the current form of the model has
been developed for homogeneous soil and monotonic loading, it forms a basis from which extensions
for soil layering and cyclic loading can be developed. The general approach can be applied to other
foundation and soil-structure interaction problems, in which bespoke calibration of a simplified model
can lead to more efficient design.