Stiffness graded electroactive artificial muscle
File(s)
Author(s)
Taghavi, Majid
Chen, Hsing-yu
Conn, Andrew
Rossiter, Jonathan
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
In nature, hydrostatic, endo- and exo-skeletons are widely observed, and provide essential rigidity and anchoring points for the application of muscular forces. The efficient interface between a hard skeleton and soft muscle in biology is made possible by a complex hierarchy of structures and composite materials, extending from the nano- to the meso-scale. In contrast, artificial constructs which aim to bridge this hard-soft interface are prone to failure due to local discontinuities and concentrations in stress and strain which lead to material ruptures, delamination and tearing. In this article, the concept of a stiffness-graded electroactive material (SGEM) is proposed which emulates the soft-rigid interface in the nature biological systems and provides both electromechanical activity and the smooth stiffness gradient needed to bridge these two extreme states. This is achieved by programming the diffusion of a rigid filler material (polyvinyl chloride) in a liquid plasticizer (diisodecyl adipate). It is shown that the resulting stiffness gradient can match that of biological tissues such as smooth and skeletal muscles, and that the distal rigid region can be drilled and bonded and significant loads can be safely applied. Additionally, the resulting composite shows electroactive capability through graded anodophilic actuation characteristics. This protocol can be extended to numerous morphologies such as vertical or radial gradients depending on the deployment of two precursor ingredients. Finally, example applications including surface morphing and motion generation are demonstrated. The embodied stiffness gradient and electroactivity make this concept suitable for the development of bio-integrating and wearable artificial muscles systems and more effective soft robots.
Date Issued
2022-09-26
Date Acceptance
2022-06-14
Citation
Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32 (39)
ISSN
1616-301X
Publisher
Wiley
Journal / Book Title
Advanced Functional Materials
Volume
32
Issue
39
Copyright Statement
© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Functional Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Subjects
Science & Technology
Physical Sciences
Technology
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chemistry, Physical
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Physics, Applied
Physics, Condensed Matter
Chemistry
Science & Technology - Other Topics
Materials Science
Physics
artificial muscles
electroactive polymers
polyvinyl chloride gels
soft robotics
stiffness gradients
TRANSITION
FABRICATION
ACTUATOR
Materials
02 Physical Sciences
03 Chemical Sciences
09 Engineering
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
ARTN 2200994
Date Publish Online
2022-07-14