Population growth, land use and land cover transformations, and water quality nexus in the Upper Ganga River basin
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Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
The Upper Ganga River basin is socioeconomically the most important river basin in India and is highly stressed in terms of water resources due to uncontrolled land use and land cover (LULC) activities. This study presents a comprehensive set of analyses to evaluate the population growth, LULC transformations, and water quality nexus for sustainable development in this river basin. The study was conducted at two spatial scales: basin scale and district scale. First, population data were analyzed statistically to study demographic changes, followed by LULC change detection over the period of February–March 2001 to 2012 (Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data) using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) techniques. Trends and spatiotemporal variations in monthly water quality parameters, viz. biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO, measured in percentage), fluoride (F), hardness (CaCO3), pH, total coliform bacteria and turbidity, were studied using the Mann–Kendall rank test and an overall index of pollution (OIP) developed specifically for this region, respectively. A relationship was deciphered between LULC classes and OIP using multivariate techniques, viz. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression. From the results, it was observed that population has increased in the river basin. Therefore, significant and characteristic LULC changes were observed. The river became polluted in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, pollution is due to agricultural practices, mainly fertilizers, whereas in urban areas it is mainly contributed from domestic and industrial wastes. Water quality degradation has occurred in the river basin, and consequently the health status of the river has also changed from acceptable to slightly polluted in urban areas. Multiple linear regression models developed for the Upper Ganga River basin could successfully predict status of the water quality, i.e., OIP, using LULC classes.
Date Issued
2018-09-11
Online Publication Date
2018-09-11
2018-10-16T08:41:20Z
Date Acceptance
2018-08-02
ISSN
1027-5606
Publisher
COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
Start Page
4745
End Page
4770
Journal / Book Title
HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES
Volume
22
Issue
9
Copyright Statement
© 2018 Author(s). This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Source Database
web-of-science
Sponsor
Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Identifier
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000444327600001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
Grant Number
NE/N01670/1
Subjects
Science & Technology
Physical Sciences
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Water Resources
Geology
ACCURACY ASSESSMENT
SOUTH-AFRICA
HEAVY-METAL
POLLUTION
INDEX
CHINA
PARAMETERS
LAKE
URBANIZATION
IMPACTS
0406 Physical Geography And Environmental Geoscience
0905 Civil Engineering
0907 Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2018-09-11