The effect of cell-to-cell variations and thermal gradients on the performance and degradation of lithium-ion battery packs
Author(s)
Liu, Xinhua
Ai, Weilong
Naylor Marlow, Max
Patel, Yatish
Wu, Billy
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
The performance of lithium-ion battery packs are often extrapolated from single cell performance however uneven currents in parallel strings due to cell-to-cell variations, thermal gradients and/or cell interconnects can reduce the overall performance of a large scale lithium-ion battery pack. In this work, we investigate the performance implications caused by these factors by simulating six parallel connected batteries based on a thermally coupled single particle model with the solid electrolyte interphase growth degradation mechanism modelled. Experimentally validated simulations show that cells closest to the load points of a pack experience higher currents than cells further away due to uneven overpotentials caused by the interconnects. When a cell with a four times greater internal impedance was placed in the location with the higher currents this actually helped to equalise the cell-to-cell current distribution, however if this was placed at a location furthest from the load point this would cause a ~6% reduction in accessible energy at 1.5 C. The influence of thermal gradients can further affect this current heterogeneity leading to accelerated aging. Simulations show that in all cases, cells degrade at different rates in a pack due to the uneven currents, with this being amplified by thermal gradients. In the presented work a 5.2% increase in degradation rate, from -7.71 mWh/cycle (isothermal) to - 8.11 mWh/cycle (non-isothermal) can be observed. Therefore, the insights from this paper highlight the highly coupled nature of battery pack performance and can inform designs for higher performance and longer lasting battery packs.
Date Issued
2019-08-15
Date Acceptance
2019-04-16
Citation
Applied Energy, 2019, 248, pp.489-499
ISSN
0306-2619
Publisher
Elsevier
Start Page
489
End Page
499
Journal / Book Title
Applied Energy
Volume
248
Copyright Statement
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Sponsor
Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (E
Innovate UK
Identifier
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919307810?via%3Dihub
Grant Number
EP/K002252/1
J15119 - PO:500174140
133376
Subjects
Science & Technology
Technology
Energy & Fuels
Engineering, Chemical
Engineering
Lithium-ion battery
Packs
Thermal gradients
Degradation
TIME POWER MANAGEMENT
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
MODEL
STATE
CHARGE
DIAGNOSIS
HYBRID
RESISTANCE
SERIES
LIFE
Energy
09 Engineering
14 Economics
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2019-05-06