Inactivation of adenovirus types 2, 5, and 41 in drinking water by UV light, free chlorine, and monochloramine
File(s)
Author(s)
Baxter, CS
Hofmann, R
Templeton, MR
Brown, M
Andrews, RC
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
A bench-scale study was conducted to determine the inactivation of adenovirus (Ad) types 2, 5, and 41 by ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine, and monochloramine. The motivation for this study was to determine whether UV disinfection followed by chlorine or monochloramine for a very short contact time (e.g., a minute) could satisfy regulatory requirements for four-log virus inactivation. In order to overcome the difficulty Ad 41 presents for enumeration of the virus in cell culture, a technique was used that combined immunofluorescent staining of viral antigen with traditional scoring of cytopathic effect. A UV dose of 40mJ/cm2 (millijoules per square centimeter) (applied using a collimated beam apparatus) achieved approximately one-log inactivation of adenovirus types 2, 5 and 41, confirming previous research. Ad 41 was found to be more UV resistant to UV light than Ad 2 or Ad 5 at UV doses >70mJ/cm2 to a statistically significant degree (95% confidence); however, at lower UV doses there were no statistically significant differences. Experiments with Ad 5 and Ad 41 at 5°C and pH 8.5 showed that chlorine was very effective against Ad 5 and Ad 41, with a product of disinfectant concentration and contact time (CT) of 0.22mg min∕L providing four-log inactivation. Monochloramine was less effective against these adenoviruses, with a CT of 350mg min∕L required to achieve 2.5-log inactivation of Ad 5 and 41 at 5°C and pH 8.5.
Date Issued
2007-07-06
Date Acceptance
2007-07-06
Citation
Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2007, 1, 133 (1), pp.95-103
ISSN
1943-7870
Publisher
American Society of Civil Engineers
Start Page
95
End Page
103
Journal / Book Title
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume
133
Issue
1
Copyright Statement
© ASCE. http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9372%282007%29133%3A1%2895%29
Subjects
Science & Technology
Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Civil
Environmental Sciences
Engineering
Environmental Sciences & Ecology
ENGINEERING, CIVIL
ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
HOST-CELL REACTIVATION
IRRADIATED ADENOVIRUS
ENTERIC ADENOVIRUS-40
FELINE CALICIVIRUS
SWIMMING POOL
WASTE-WATER
SURVIVAL
GASTROENTERITIS
POLIOVIRUS
OUTBREAK
Environmental Engineering
0907 Environmental Engineering
0904 Chemical Engineering
0905 Civil Engineering
Edition
1
Publication Status
Published