Globally, humanitarian needs have reached an historically unprecedented scale, undermining the ability of affected children to survive, grow and thrive. Social protection holds the promise of addressing acute needs and risks faced by children in crisis-contexts, while allowing for human capital investments. We review evidence of the impact of emergency cash, food and other in-kind transfers implemented by governments or humanitarian actors on child development in different contexts. Compared with development settings, rigorous evidence for crises is limited. Most existing studies focus on either schooling or acute malnutrition, highlighting that transfers can mitigate the detrimental effects of crises on these outcomes, while evidence on linear growth, micronutrient deficiencies, health, labor, learning, psycho-social outcomes and child protection is scarce. Also, most studies are set in contexts characterized by high institutional fragility in which emergency social protection is undertaken by international organizations, while evidence from settings where institutional capacity for shock-responsive social protection exists is scarce. Further gaps relate to the cost-effectiveness of alternative program designs and delivery modalities; heterogeneity by child and household backgrounds; and longer-term effects of interventions. Filling these gaps is critical to support child-sensitive approaches to social protection in crises to effectively pursue Sustainable Development Goal 1.