Deep neural network ensembles for THz-TDS refractive index extraction exhibiting resilience to experimental and analytical errors
File(s)Deep neural network ensembles for THz-TDS.pdf (2.88 MB)
Published version
Author(s)
Klokkou, Nicholas
Gorecki, Jon
Beddoes, Ben
Apostolopoulos, Vasilis
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) achieves excellent signal-to-noise ratios by measuring the amplitude of the electric field in the time-domain, resulting in the full, complex, frequency-domain information of materials' optical parameters, such as the refractive index. However the data extraction process is non-trivial and standardization of practices are still yet to be cemented in the field leading to significant variation in sample measurements. One such contribution is low frequency noise offsetting the phase reconstruction of the Fourier transformed signal. Additionally, experimental errors such as fluctuations in the power of the laser driving the spectrometer (laser drift) can heavily contribute to erroneous measurements if not accounted for. We show that ensembles of deep neural networks trained with synthetic data extract the frequency-dependent complex refractive index, whereby required fitting steps are automated and show resilience to phase unwrapping variations and laser drift. We show that training with synthetic data allows for flexibility in the functionality of networks yet the produced ensemble supersedes current extraction techniques.
Date Issued
2023-12-18
Date Acceptance
2023-12-01
Citation
Optics Express, 2023, 31 (26), pp.44575-44587
ISSN
1094-4087
Publisher
Optical Society of America (OSA)
Start Page
44575
End Page
44587
Journal / Book Title
Optics Express
Volume
31
Issue
26
Copyright Statement
Journal © 2023 Published by Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
License URL
Identifier
https://opg.optica.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-31-26-44575&id=544522
Subjects
GRAPHENE
Optics
Physical Sciences
Science & Technology
SYSTEM
TERAHERTZ
TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2023-12-14