Design framework for single-span portal frames considering the influence of cladding
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Zhu, Xiaobo
Walport, Fiona
Gardner, Leroy
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
The significance of structure–cladding interaction in portal frames with modern cladding systems has been demonstrated in previous studies, with increased demands on the cladding and associated connecting screw fasteners observed at larger structural scales. This finding motivated the development of the design framework presented in this study. The proposed framework enables engineers to account for the influence of the cladding on the structural behaviour, with a particular emphasis on predicting frame deflections, load distribution and the locations and values of the shear forces in the critical connecting fasteners. The present paper focuses on the serviceability-level behaviour of single-span steel portal frames under wind sway loading, which previous studies have shown generally to be the critical load case. Key to the framework is the use of diagonal springs to represent the in-plane behaviour of the cladding. The framework comprises four steps: (1) determination of the diagonal spring properties using the equivalent truss method; (2) structural analysis of the frame model with diagonal springs; (3) determination of the design values of the internal forces and deflections in the frame and cladding (via force distribution ratios) elements; and (4) verification against acceptance limits. The diagonal spring properties are derived from FE panel models developed consistently with the previously validated benchmark modelling approach, while the force distribution ratios are calibrated using FE panel and full-frame results associated with 48 benchmark wind sway cases. The completed design framework is subsequently assessed for these 48 cases. The developed methodology provides a practical, design-oriented means of accounting for the influence of cladding and the associated fastener demands in single-span steel portal frames under wind sway loading. The calibrated framework and proposed serviceability checks are specific to the KS1000RW cladding system, adopted screw arrangement, 6 m bay spacing and geometric range considered herein; application to other cladding systems, fastener layouts, bay spacings and loading conditions requires further calibration and independent assessment.
Date Issued
2026-12-01
Date Acceptance
2026-08-11
Citation
Thin-Walled Structures, 2026, 231 (Part C)
ISSN
0263-8231
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Journal / Book Title
Thin-Walled Structures
Volume
231
Issue
Part C
Copyright Statement
© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
115522
Date Publish Online
2026-08-17