Doubly Ionic Hydrogen Bond Interactions Within the Choline Chloride - Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent
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Accepted version
Author(s)
Hunt, PA
Ashworth, C
Matthews, R
Welton, T
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are exemplars of systems with the ability to form neutral, ionic and doubly ionic H-bonds. Herein, the pairwise interactions of the constituent components of the choline chloride–urea DES are examined. Evidence is found for a tripodal CH⋯Cl doubly ionic H-bond motif. Moreover it is found that the covalency of doubly ionic H-bonds can be greater than, or comparable with, neutral and ionic examples. In contrast to many traditional solvents, an “alphabet soup” of many different types of H-bond (OH⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C, NH⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C, OH⋯Cl, NH⋯Cl, OH⋯NH, CH⋯Cl, CH⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C, NH⋯OH and NH⋯NH) can form. These H-bonds exhibit substantial flexibility in terms of number and strength. It is anticipated that H-bonding will have a significant impact on the entropy of the system and thus could play an important role in the formation of the eutectic. The 2 : 1 urea : choline–chloride eutectic point of this DES is often associated with the formation of a [Cl(urea)2]− complexed anion. However, urea is found to form a H-bonded urea[choline]+ complexed cation that is energetically competitive with [Cl(urea)2]−. The negative charge on [Cl(urea)2]− is found to remain localised on the chloride, moreover, the urea[choline]+ complexed cation forms the strongest H-bond studied here. Thus, there is potential to consider a urea[choline]+·urea[Cl]− interaction.
Date Issued
2016-06-22
Date Acceptance
2016-06-15
Citation
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18 (27), pp.18145-18160
ISSN
1463-9084
Publisher
Royal Society of Chemistry
Start Page
18145
End Page
18160
Journal / Book Title
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Volume
18
Issue
27
Copyright Statement
This journal is © Royal Society of Chemistry 2016
Sponsor
Technological Resources PTY Ltd
Grant Number
3101488649
Subjects
Chemical Physics
02 Physical Sciences
03 Chemical Sciences
Publication Status
Published