Visible light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation of 3-aryl-oxetanes and azetidines via benzylic tertiary radicals and implications of benzylic radical stability
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Published version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
4-Membered heterocycles offer exciting potential as small polar motifs in medicinal chemistry but require further methods for incorporation. Photoredox catalysis is a powerful method for the mild generation of alkyl radicals for C–C bond for-mation. The effect of ring strain on radical reactivity is not well understood, with no studies that address this question sys-tematically. Examples of reactions that involve benzylic radicals are rare, and their reactivity is challenging to harness. This work develops a radical functionalization of benzylic oxetanes and azetidines using visible light photoredox catalysis to prepare 3-aryl-3-alkyl substituted derivatives and assesses the influence of ring strain and heterosubstitution on the reactivity of small-ring radicals. 3-Aryl-3-carboxylic acid oxetanes and azetidines are suitable precursors to tertiary benzylic ox-etane/azetidine radicals which undergo conjugate addition into activated alkenes. We compare the reactivity of oxetane radi-cals to other benzylic systems. Computational studies indicate that Giese additions of unstrained benzylic radicals into acry-lates are reversible and result in low yields and radical dimerization. Benzylic radicals as part of a strained ring, however, are less stable and more 𝜋-delocalized, decreasing dimer and increasing Giese product formation. Oxetanes show high product yields due to ring strain and Bent’s rule rendering the Giese addition irreversible.
Date Issued
2023-05-19
Date Acceptance
2023-02-21
Citation
Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2023, 88 (10), pp.6476-6488
ISSN
0022-3263
Publisher
American Chemical Society
Start Page
6476
End Page
6488
Journal / Book Title
Journal of Organic Chemistry
Volume
88
Issue
10
Copyright Statement
© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society
License URL
Identifier
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.joc.3c00083
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2023-03-03