Operando measurement of layer breathing modes in lithiated graphite
File(s)
Accepted version
Supporting information
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Despite their ubiquitous usage and increasing societal dependence on Li-ion batteries, there remains a lack of detailed empirical evidence of Li intercalation/deintercalation into graphite even though this process dictates the performance, longevity, and safety of the system. Here, we report direct detection and dissociation of specific crystallographic phases in the lithiated graphite, which form through a stepwise staging process. Using operando measurements, LiC18, LiC12, and LiC6 phases are observed via distinct low-frequency Raman features, which are the result of displacement of the graphite lattice by induced local strain. Density functional theory calculations confirm the nature of the Raman-active vibrational modes, to the layer breathing modes (LBMs) of the lithiated graphite. The new findings indicate graphene-like characteristics in the lithiated graphite under the deep charged condition due to the imposed strain by the inserted Li. Moreover, our approach also provides a simple experimental tool to measure induced strain in the graphite structure under full intercalation conditions.
Date Issued
2021-04-09
Date Acceptance
2021-03-24
Citation
ACS Energy Letters, 2021, 6 (4), pp.1633-1638
ISSN
2380-8195
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Start Page
1633
End Page
1638
Journal / Book Title
ACS Energy Letters
Volume
6
Issue
4
Copyright Statement
© 2021 American Chemical Society. This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in ACS Energy Letter, after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00494
Sponsor
Royal Academy Of Engineering
Identifier
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00494
Grant Number
MMRE_P56611
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2021-04-01