Estimating population salt intake in India using spot urine samples
File(s)
Accepted version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Objective: To compare estimates of mean population salt intake in North and South India derived from spot urine samples versus 24-h urine collections.
Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
Results: A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73–9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95–9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63–9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62–9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67–9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59–10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61–8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04–9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74–8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16–9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1–2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24–10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44–11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3–4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30–12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15–14.12)].
Conclusion: In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.
Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, participants were sampled from slum, urban and rural communities in North and in South India. Participants provided 24-h urine collections, and random morning spot urine samples. Salt intake was estimated from the spot urine samples using a series of established estimating equations. Salt intake data from the 24-h urine collections and spot urine equations were weighted to provide estimates of salt intake for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
Results: A total of 957 individuals provided a complete 24-h urine collection and a spot urine sample. Weighted mean salt intake based on the 24-h urine collection, was 8.59 (95% confidence interval 7.73–9.45) and 9.46 g/day (8.95–9.96) in Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively. Corresponding estimates based on the Tanaka equation [9.04 (8.63–9.45) and 9.79 g/day (9.62–9.96) for Delhi and Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh, respectively], the Mage equation [8.80 (7.67–9.94) and 10.19 g/day (95% CI 9.59–10.79)], the INTERSALT equation [7.99 (7.61–8.37) and 8.64 g/day (8.04–9.23)] and the INTERSALT equation with potassium [8.13 (7.74–8.52) and 8.81 g/day (8.16–9.46)] were all within 1 g/day of the estimate based upon 24-h collections. For the Toft equation, estimates were 1–2 g/day higher [9.94 (9.24–10.64) and 10.69 g/day (9.44–11.93)] and for the Kawasaki equation they were 3–4 g/day higher [12.14 (11.30–12.97) and 13.64 g/day (13.15–14.12)].
Conclusion: In urban and rural areas in North and South India, most spot urine-based equations provided reasonable estimates of mean population salt intake. Equations that did not provide good estimates may have failed because specimen collection was not aligned with the original method.
Date Issued
2017-11-01
Date Acceptance
2017-06-07
Citation
Journal of Hypertension, 2017, 35 (11), pp.2207-2213
ISSN
0263-6352
Publisher
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Start Page
2207
End Page
2213
Journal / Book Title
Journal of Hypertension
Volume
35
Issue
11
Copyright Statement
© 2017 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in Journal of Hypertension: November 2017 - Volume 35 - Issue 11 - p.2207–2213, https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001464
Identifier
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000411899000015&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
Subjects
Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Cardiovascular System & Cardiology
24-h urine sample
India
salt
sodium
spot urine sample
POTASSIUM EXCRETION
SODIUM-EXCRETION
SPECIMEN
ADULTS
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2017-11-01