Comparative analysis of reserve formulations: leveraging flexibility from energy-limited resources
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Gallegos, Pablo
Spyrou, Elina
Sauma, Enzo
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
As power systems integrate higher shares of variable renewable energy, balancing supply and demand across different timescales becomes challenging. Historically, reserves procured per time interval have helped power system operators maintain that balance. Per-interval procurement can compromise reliability when reserves are sourced from energy-limited resources. This article compares, for the first time, two solutions: (a) a set of constraints, termed envelopes, which uses a per-interval estimate of reserve energy intensity and calculates the cumulative impact of reserve activation on stored energy as the sum of per-interval impacts and (b) a product existing in the literature, called energy reserves, which procures reserves for periods, with durations ranging from a single interval to the model horizon. For the IEEE RTS-GMLC 2019 system, the latter approach, at an increased computational burden, produces more cost-effective day-ahead schedules by allowing resources, including storage, to determine the energy intensity of the reserves provided.
Date Issued
2027-02-01
Date Acceptance
2026-07-01
Citation
Electric Power Systems Research, 2027, 263
ISSN
0378-7796
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Journal / Book Title
Electric Power Systems Research
Volume
263
Copyright Statement
© 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
113663
Date Publish Online
2026-07-08