The effectiveness of suggestive techniques in reducing postoperative side effects: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Author(s)
Kekecs, Z
Nagy, T
Varga, K
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Suggestive interventions such as hypnosis and therapeutic suggestions are frequently used to alleviate surgical side effects; however, the effectiveness of therapeutic suggestion intervention has not yet been systematically evaluated. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) suggestive interventions are useful for reducing postoperative side effects; (2) therapeutic suggestions are comparable in effectiveness to hypnosis; (3) live presentation is more effective than recordings; and (4) suggestive interventions would be equally effective used in minor and major surgeries. METHODS: We performed random effect meta-analysis with meta-regression and sensitivity analysis by moderating factors on a pool of 26 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (N = 1890). Outcome variables were postoperative anxiety, pain intensity, pain medication requirement, and nausea. RESULTS: Suggestive interventions reduced postoperative anxiety (g = 0.40; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13-0.66; P < 0.001) and pain intensity (g = 0.25; 99% CI = 0.00-0.50; P = 0.010), but did not significantly affect postoperative analgesic drug consumption (g = 0.16; 99% CI = -0.16 to 0.47; P = 0.202) and nausea (g = 0.38; 99% CI = -0.06 to 0.81; P = 0.026). No significant differences were found for intervention type, presentation method, and severity of surgery; however, sensitivity analysis only supported the effectiveness of hypnosis (g = 0.62; 99% CI = 0.31-0.92; P < 0.001) and live presentation (g = 0.55; 99% CI = 0.23-0.88; P < 0.001) for decreasing postoperative anxiety, and that of live presentation for alleviating postoperative pain (g = 0.44; 99% CI = 0.07-0.82; P = 0.002). Sensitivity analyses also suggested that suggestive interventions are only effective for decreasing pain intensity during minor surgical procedures (g = 0.39; 99% CI = 0.00-0.78; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Suggestive techniques might be useful tools to alleviate postoperative anxiety and pain; however, strength of the evidence is weak because of possible bias in the reviewed articles. The lack of access to within-subjects data and the overlap between moderator conditions also limit the scope of the analysis. More methodologically correct studies are required with sensitivity to moderating factors and to within-subjects changes. For clinical purposes, we advise the use of hypnosis with live presentation to reduce postoperative anxiety and pain, until convincing evidence is uncovered for the effectiveness of therapeutic suggestions and recorded presentation. Pain management with adjunct suggestive interventions is mostly encouraged in minor rather than major surgeries.
Date Issued
2014-10-06
Date Acceptance
2014-08-05
Citation
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2014, 119 (6), pp.1407-1419
ISSN
1526-7598
Publisher
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Start Page
1407
End Page
1419
Journal / Book Title
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Volume
119
Issue
6
Copyright Statement
© 2014 International Anesthesia Research Society
Identifier
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25289661
Subjects
Analgesics
Anxiety
Humans
Hypnosis
Mind-Body Therapies
Pain, Postoperative
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Suggestion
Treatment Outcome
Anesthesiology
Clinical Sciences
Neurosciences
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
United States