Clinical and radiological features of extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis: a pictorial essay
File(s)Palmucci2016_Article_ClinicalAndRadiologicalFeature.pdf (14.76 MB)
Published version
Author(s)
Palmucci, Stefano
Torrisi, Sebastiano Emanuele
Caltabiano, Daniele Carmelo
Puglisi, Silvia
Lentini, Viviana
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
The aim of this manuscript is to describe radiological findings of extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated systemic disease of unknown origin, characterized by non-caseating epitheliod granulomas. Ninety percent of patients show granulomas located in the lungs or in the related lymph nodes. However, lesions can affect any organ. Typical imaging features of liver and spleen sarcoidosis include visceromegaly, with multiple nodules hypodense on CT images and hypointense on T2-weighted MRI acquisitions. Main clinical and radiological manifestations of renal sarcoidosis are nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and acute interstitial nephritis. Brain sarcoidosis shows multiple or solitary parenchymal nodules on MRI that enhance with a ring-like appearance after gadolinium. In spinal cord localization, MRI demonstrates enlargement and hyperintensity of spinal cord, with hypointense lesions on T2-weighted images. Skeletal involvement is mostly located in small bone, showing many lytic lesions; less frequently, bone lesions have a sclerotic appearance. Ocular involvement includes uveitis, conjunctivitis, optical nerve disease, chorioretinis. Erythema nodosum and lupus pernio represent the most common cutaneous manifestations encountered. Sarcoidosis in various organs can be very insidious for radiologists, showing different imaging features, often non-specific. Awareness of these imaging features helps radiologists to obtain the correct diagnosis.
Date Issued
2016-08-01
Date Acceptance
2016-04-22
Citation
Insights into Imaging, 2016, 7 (4), pp.571-587
ISSN
1869-4101
Publisher
Springer
Start Page
571
End Page
587
Journal / Book Title
Insights into Imaging
Volume
7
Issue
4
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Identifier
http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000380167500009&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=1ba7043ffcc86c417c072aa74d649202
Subjects
Science & Technology
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Sarcoidosis
Granulomatous disease
chronic
Multidetector computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Positron-emission tomography
VERTEBRAL SARCOIDOSIS
OSSEOUS SARCOIDOSIS
NODULAR SARCOIDOSIS
CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS
OCULAR INVOLVEMENT
ASPIRATION BIOPSY
IMAGING FEATURES
MANIFESTATIONS
SPLEEN
MR
Publication Status
Published
Date Publish Online
2016-05-25