The misdiagnosis tracker: enhancing diagnostic reasoning through cognitive bias awareness and error analysis
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Mutlak, Zeinab
Saqer, Noor
Chan, See Chai Carol
Majeed, Azeem
Jerjes, Waseem
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Introduction: Diagnostic accuracy is essential for good-quality medical practice, and yet diagnostic errors remain widespread, influencing patient outcomes, healthcare costs, and clinician confidence. “Misdiagnosis Tracker” aims to instil error analysis into medical education and shift the focus toward the learning of lessons from errors in diagnosis. This study investigates how systematic review of diagnostic errors enhances medical students’ competence in diagnostic reasoning, identification of cognitive bias, and identification of atypical presentations. Methods: A cohort of 65 final-year medical students participated in a structured three-phase educational intervention comprising preparation, case study analysis, and reflection. Students examined 20 diagnostic error case studies to identify contributory factors, such as cognitive biases, atypical presentations, and systemic barriers. Quantitative data were obtained from pre- and post-study surveys assessing confidence and knowledge, while qualitative insights were gathered through group reports, reflective journals, and debriefing sessions. Results: The results indicated significant improvements in confidence in diagnostic reasoning (3.0 to 4.4, p < 0.01), awareness of cognitive bias (2.9 to 4.5, p < 0.01), and recognition of atypical presentations (3.1 to 4.6, p < 0.01). Qualitative results highlighted increased insight into red flags, systemic issues, and reflective development. Actionable recommendations made by the students were systematic diagnostic frameworks, better interprofessional communication, and focused education on cognitive bias. Conclusion: This study illustrates how the “Misdiagnosis Tracker” greatly enhances medical students’ reflective and diagnostic reasoning skills and better prepares them for clinical practice. By fostering an environment of learning from diagnostic mistakes, this approach could ultimately result in fewer diagnostic errors and improved patient outcomes. Longitudinal studies are essential to determine the long-term effect of this model on clinical competence and its application in different education settings.
Date Issued
2025-06-02
Date Acceptance
2025-06-09
Citation
Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025, 14 (12)
ISSN
2077-0383
Publisher
MDPI AG
Journal / Book Title
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Volume
14
Issue
12
Copyright Statement
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
License URL
Identifier
10.3390/jcm14124139
Subjects
Mutlak, Z.
Saqer, N.
Chan, S.C.C.
Majeed, A.
Jerjes, W. The Misdiagnosis Tracker: Enhancing Diagnostic Reasoning Through Cognitive Bias Awareness and Error diagnostic reasoning
cognitive bias
medical education
misdiagnosis
reflective learning
atypical presentations
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
4139
Date Publish Online
2025-06-11