Probing quantum complexity via universal saturation of stabilizer entropies
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Haug, Tobias
Aolita, Leandro
Kim, MS
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a key resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. Non-Clifford operations turn stabilizer states into resourceful states, where the amount of nonstabilizerness is quantified by resource measures such as stabilizer Rényi entropies (SREs). Here, we show that SREs saturate their maximum value at a critical number of non-Clifford operations. Close to the critical point SREs show universal behavior. Remarkably, the derivative of the SRE crosses at the same point independent of the number of qubits and can be rescaled onto a single curve. We find that the critical point depends non-trivially on Rényi index
α. For random Clifford circuits doped with T-gates, the critical T-gate density scales independently of
α. In contrast, for random Hamiltonian evolution, the critical time scales linearly with qubit number for
α>1, while it is a constant for α<1. This highlights that α
-SREs reveal fundamentally different aspects of nonstabilizerness depending on α: α-SREs with α<1 relate to Clifford simulation complexity, while α>1 probe the distance to the closest stabilizer state and approximate state certification cost via Pauli measurements. As technical contributions, we observe that the Pauli spectrum of random evolution can be approximated by two highly concentrated peaks which allows us to compute its SRE. Further, we introduce a class of random evolution that can be expressed as random Clifford circuits and rotations, where we provide its exact SRE. Our results opens up new approaches to characterize the complexity of quantum systems.
α. For random Clifford circuits doped with T-gates, the critical T-gate density scales independently of
α. In contrast, for random Hamiltonian evolution, the critical time scales linearly with qubit number for
α>1, while it is a constant for α<1. This highlights that α
-SREs reveal fundamentally different aspects of nonstabilizerness depending on α: α-SREs with α<1 relate to Clifford simulation complexity, while α>1 probe the distance to the closest stabilizer state and approximate state certification cost via Pauli measurements. As technical contributions, we observe that the Pauli spectrum of random evolution can be approximated by two highly concentrated peaks which allows us to compute its SRE. Further, we introduce a class of random evolution that can be expressed as random Clifford circuits and rotations, where we provide its exact SRE. Our results opens up new approaches to characterize the complexity of quantum systems.
Date Issued
2025-07-21
Date Acceptance
2025-07-01
Citation
Quantum, 2025, 9, pp.1801-1801
ISSN
2521-327X
Publisher
Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften
Start Page
1801
End Page
1801
Journal / Book Title
Quantum
Volume
9
Copyright Statement
Published under CC-BY 4.0.
License URL
Subjects
ENTANGLEMENT
Physical Sciences
Physics
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Quantum Science & Technology
Science & Technology
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
1801
Date Publish Online
2025-07-21