Vascular inflammation and endothelial injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the overlooked regulatory cascades implicated by the ACE2 gene cluster
File(s)Shovlin VizcaychipiQJM2020.As Accepted.pdf (1.61 MB)
Accepted version
Author(s)
Shovlin, Claire L
Vizcaychipi, Marcela P
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
COVID-19 has presented physicians with an unprecedented number of challenges and mortality. The basic question is why, in contrast to other "respiratory" viruses, SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in such multi-systemic, life-threatening complications and a severe pulmonary vasculopathy. It is widely known that SARS-CoV-2 uses membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, resulting in internalisation of the complex by the host cell. We discuss the evidence that failure to suppress coronaviral replication within 5 days results in sustained downregulation of ACE2 protein expression, and that ACE2 is under negative-feedback regulation. We then expose openly-available experimental repository data that demonstrate the gene for ACE2 lies in a novel cluster of interegulated genes on the X chromosome including PIR encoding pirin (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase), and VEGFD encoding the predominantly lung-expressed vascular endothelial growth factor D. The five double-elite enhancer/promoters that are known to be operational, and shared read-through lncRNA transcripts, imply that ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection will reduce host defences to reactive oxygen species, directly generate superoxide O2 - and H2O2 (a "ROS storm"), and impair pulmonary endothelial homeostasis. Published cellular responses to oxidative stress complete the loop to pathophysiology observed in severe COVID-19. Thus for patients who fail to rapidly suppress viral replication, the newly-appreciated ACE2 co-regulated cluster predicts delayed responses that would account for catastrophic deteriorations. We conclude that ACE2 homeostatic drives provide a unified understanding which should help optimise therapeutic approaches during the wait until safe, effective vaccines and antiviral therapies for SARS-CoV-2 are delivered.
Date Issued
2023-08
Date Acceptance
2020-07-28
Citation
QJM: an international journal of medicine, 2023, 116 (8), pp.629-634
ISSN
1460-2393
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Start Page
629
End Page
634
Journal / Book Title
QJM: an international journal of medicine
Volume
116
Issue
8
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Physicians. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com. This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in QJM: an international journal of medicine following peer review. The accepted manuscript is published online and is available at: https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/advance-article/doi/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa241/5890489
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32777054
PII: 5890489
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Date Publish Online
2020-08-10