Detection and sizing of corrosion in pipelines and pressure vessels over large, partially
accessible areas is of growing interest in the petrochemical and nuclear industries.
Traditionally, conventional ultrasonic thickness gauging and eddy current techniques
have been used to precisely measure the thickness in structures. These techniques
only allow the measurement of the local thickness under the probe. Consequently
obtaining the remnant thickness of a specimen over a large area requires the probe to
be scanned, which is a long and tedious process. Moreover, with these techniques,
the scanning may become impossible when the area of inspection is inaccessible.
There is therefore a need for a rapid, accurate, long range inspection technique to
measure the remaining thickness in corrosion patches.
Low frequency guided waves are now routinely used to screen large area of pipes and
other structures for cracks and corrosion. Their detection and location capability is
very good, but the standard screening technique only gives a rough estimate of the
remaining wall thickness. Guided waves have multiple properties which can be used
for thickness mapping over large partially accessible areas e.g. dispersion and cutoff
frequency thickness product of the high order modes.
The present work aims to demonstrate the potential of guided waves for thickness
mapping over large partially accessible areas. It starts with a general introduction
on ultrasonic guided waves and a literature review of the different techniques for the
evaluation of thickness with guided waves. The severity of the errors introduced in
time-of-flight tomography for thickness reconstruction by breaking the assumption
of the ray theory are investigated. As these errors are significant, the possibility of
using the cutoff property of the high order modes is investigated in a frequency range
where the ray theory is valid. It is found that the attenuation due to the scattering
of the waves in corrosion is too large for this technique to work. Finally the use of
low frequency guided wave for diffraction tomography is examined. Finite element
simulations of a 64 element circular array on a plate show that when the scattering
mechanism of the object to be reconstructed satisfies the Born approximation the reconstruction of the thickness is accurate. However the practical implementation is
more challenging when the incident field is not known. Experimental results demonstrate
that ultimately the scattering from the array of transducer is a major source
of error in the tomographic reconstruction, but when there is no scattering from
the array of transducers the reconstructions are very similar to the finite element
simulations.