An epoxy resin, cured with an anhydride, has been modified by the addition of silica nanoparticles. The particles were introduced via a sol
-gel technique which gave a very well dispersed phase of nanosilica particles, which were about 20 nm in diameter, in the
thermosetting epoxy polymer matrix. The glass transition temperature of the epoxy polymer was unchanged by the addition of the anoparticles, but both the modulus and toughness were increased. The fracture energy increased from 77 J/m2 for the unmodified epoxy to 212
J/m2 for the epoxy polymer containing 20 wt.% of nanosilica. The fracture surfaces were inspected using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, and these microscopy studies showed that the silica nanoparticles (a) initiated localised plastic shear-yield
deformation bands in the epoxy polymer matrix and (b) debonded and allowed subsequent plastic void-growth of the epoxy polymer matrix. A theoretical model for these toughening micro mechanisms has been
proposed to confirm that these micromechanisms were indeed
responsible for the increased toughness that was observed due to the presence of the silica nanoparticles in the epoxy polymer.