An update of the WCRF/AICR systematic literature review on esophageal and gastric cancers and citrus fruits intake.
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
PURPOSE: The 2007 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report concluded that foods containing vitamin C probably protect against esophageal cancer and fruits probably protect against gastric cancer. Most of the previous evidence was from case-control studies, which may be affected by recall and selection biases. More recently, several cohort studies have examined these associations. We conducted a systematic literature review of prospective studies on citrus fruits intake and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. METHODS: PubMed was searched for studies published until 1 March 2016. We calculated summary relative risks and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) using random-effects models. RESULTS: With each 100 g/day increase of citrus fruits intake, a marginally significant decreased risk of esophageal cancer was observed (summary RR 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74-1.00, 1,057 cases, six studies). The associations were similar for squamous cell carcinoma (RR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.69-1.08, three studies) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (RR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.78-1.11, three studies). For gastric cancer, the nonsignificant inverse association was observed for gastric cardia cancer (RR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.55-1.01, three studies), but not for gastric non-cardia cancer (RR 1.02, 95 % CI 0.90-1.16, four studies). Consistent summary inverse associations were observed when comparing the highest with lowest intake, with statistically significant associations for esophageal (RR 0.77, 95 % CI 0.64-0.91, seven studies) and gastric cardia cancers (RR 0.62, 95 % CI 0.39-0.99, three studies). CONCLUSIONS: Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia cancers, but further studies are needed.
Date Issued
2016-05-06
Date Acceptance
2016-04-27
Citation
Cancer Causes & Control, 2016, 27 (7), pp.837-851
ISSN
1573-7225
Publisher
Springer Verlag (Germany)
Start Page
837
End Page
851
Journal / Book Title
Cancer Causes & Control
Volume
27
Issue
7
Copyright Statement
© The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
License URL
Sponsor
World Cancer Research Fund International
Identifier
PII: 10.1007/s10552-016-0755-0
Grant Number
2007/SP01
Subjects
Citrus fruits
Esophageal cancer
Gastric cancer
Meta-analysis
Systematic literature review
Publication Status
Published