Difficulty-skill balance does not affect engagement and enjoyment: a pre-registered study using artificial intelligence-controlled difficulty
File(s)rsos.220274.pdf (984.88 KB)
Published version
Author(s)
Cutting, Joe
Deterding, Sebastian
Demediuk, Simon
Sephton, Nick
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
How does the difficulty of a task affect people's enjoyment and engagement? Intrinsic motivation and flow theories posit a 'goldilocks' optimum where task difficulty matches performer skill, yet current work is confounded by questionable measurement practices and lacks scalable methods to manipulate objective difficulty-skill ratios. We developed a two-player tactical game test suite with an artificial intelligence (AI)-controlled opponent that uses a variant of the Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithm to precisely manipulate difficulty-skill ratios. A pre-registered study (n = 311) showed that our AI produced targeted difficulty-skill ratios without participants noticing the manipulation, yet different ratios had no significant impact on enjoyment or engagement. This indicates that difficulty-skill balance does not always affect engagement and enjoyment, but that games with AI-controlled difficulty provide a useful paradigm for rigorous future work on this issue.
Date Issued
2023-02
Date Acceptance
2023-01-10
Citation
Royal Society Open Science, 2023, 10 (2), pp.1-15
ISSN
2054-5703
Publisher
The Royal Society
Start Page
1
End Page
15
Journal / Book Title
Royal Society Open Science
Volume
10
Issue
2
Copyright Statement
© 2023 The Authors.
Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.
License URL
Identifier
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36756072
PII: rsos220274
Subjects
artificial intelligence
difficulty
engagement
flow
skill
Publication Status
Published
Coverage Spatial
England
Date Publish Online
2023-02-01