OBJECTIVE: To study 12-month persistence of neuropsychological deficits in PICU survivors. DESIGN: Prospective follow-up study. SETTING: Two PICUs. PARTICIPANTS: Children 5-16 years old with neuropsychological deficits 3-6 months following PICU care for meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and other critical illnesses (excluding other primary neurological disorders). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Neuropsychological function was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, the Children's Memory Scale, and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence or Wide Range Intelligence Test. Forty-seven of 88 PICU admitted children (53%) were identified as neuropsychologically impaired 3-6 months after discharge; of these, 23 provided 12-month follow-up data. In spite of significant improvements in measures of memory, there was little change in intelligence quotient and visual attention over the study period, and children's educational progress remained below expectation. CONCLUSIONS: We found persistently reduced neuropsychological function following PICU admission in the critical illnesses under study.