Eradication and elimination are increasingly a part of the global health agenda. Once control measures
have driven infection to low levels, the ecology of disease may change posing challenges for eradication
efforts. These challenges vary from identifying pockets of susceptibles, improving monitoring during and
after the endgame, to quantifying the economics of disease eradication versus sustained control, all of
which are shaped and influenced by processes of loss of immunity, susceptible build-up, emergence of
resistance, population heterogeneities and non-compliance with control measures. Here we discuss how
modelling can be used to address these challenges.