Opportunities and obstacles in non-invasive brain stimulation
File(s)
Published version
Author(s)
Toth, Jake
Kurtin, Danielle Lauren
Brosnan, Méadhbh
Arvaneh, Mahnaz
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a complex and multifaceted approach to modulating brain activity and holds the potential for broad accessibility. This work discusses the mechanisms of the four distinct approaches to modulating brain activity non-invasively: electrical currents, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound. We examine the dual stochastic and deterministic nature of brain activity and its implications for NIBS, highlighting the challenges posed by inter-individual variability, nebulous dose-response relationships, potential biases and neuroanatomical heterogeneity. Looking forward, we propose five areas of opportunity for future research: closed-loop stimulation, consistent stimulation of the intended target region, reducing bias, multimodal approaches, and strategies to address low sample sizes.
Date Issued
2024-03-18
Date Acceptance
2024-03-05
Citation
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2024, 18
ISSN
1662-5161
Publisher
Frontiers Media S.A.
Journal / Book Title
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Volume
18
Copyright Statement
© 2024 Toth, Kurtin, Brosnan and Arvaneh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
License URL
Subjects
Front. Hum. Neurosci. : . doi: . /fnhum. brain stimulation
tES
TMS
tPBM
TUS
tDCS
FUS
neurotechnology
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
1385427
Date Publish Online
2024-03-18