Ending AIDS by 2030 is a monumental challenge. Tracking progress as incidence reaches lower levels could be just as challenging. In The Lancet HIV Sabin Nsanzimana and colleagues report progress and highlight the challenges that lie ahead on both fronts. The Rwanda HIV Incidence Survey enumerated a nationally representative sample of 13 728 HIV-negative adults in 2013, and followed up a remarkable 92% of participants 1 year later. The investigators detected 35 HIV seroconversions at follow-up. Two findings are especially noteworthy.