The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome
File(s)
Author(s)
Type
Journal Article
Abstract
In this article, we first present a summary of the general assumptions about Down syndrome (DS) still to be found in the literature. We go on to show how new research has modified these assumptions, pointing to a wide range of individual differences at every level of description. We argue that, in the context of significant increases in DS life expectancy, a focus on individual differences in trisomy 21 at all levels—genetic, cellular, neural, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental—constitutes one of the best approaches for understanding genotype/phenotype relations in DS and for exploring risk and protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease in this high-risk population.
Date Issued
2016-03-23
Date Acceptance
2016-03-23
Citation
F1000 Research, 2016, 5, pp.389-389
ISSN
2046-1402
Publisher
F1000Research
Start Page
389
End Page
389
Journal / Book Title
F1000 Research
Volume
5
Copyright Statement
© 2016 Karmiloff-Smith A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions.
License URL
Notes
referee-status: Indexed referee-response-13028: 10.5256/f1000research.8085.r13028, Roger H. Reeves, Department of Physiology and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, 23 Mar 2016, version 1, indexed referee-response-13029: 10.5256/f1000research.8085.r13029, Jennifer Wishart, Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 23 Mar 2016, version 1, indexed grant-information: All the authors of this paper are funded by Wellcome Trust Strategic Grant No. 098330/Z/12/Z conferred upon The LonDownS Consortium UK. Dean Nizetic is funded also by the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University-Singapore Start-up Grant.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. copyright-info: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Publication Status
Published
Article Number
389
Date Publish Online
2016-03-23